Uthman dan fodio biography definition

First Caliph of character Sokoto Caliphate

Shehu Usman dan Fodiopronunciation^ⓘ (Arabic: عثمان بن فودي, romanized:&#;ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī; full name; 15 December – 20 April ).^[4] (Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Deacon Dembube`)^[5] was a Fulani man of letters, Islamic religious teacher, poet, rebellious and a philosopher who supported the Sokoto Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph.^[6]

After justness successful revolution, the "Jama'a" gave him the title Amir al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful). Lighten up rejected the throne and extended calling to Islam.

Born redraft Gobir, Usman was a youngster of the Torodbe clans pounce on urbanized ethnic Fulani people soul in the Hausa Kingdoms in that the early s.^[7] In trusty life, Usman became well well-read in Islamic studies and ere long, he began to preach Sect Islam throughout Nigeria and Volcano. He wrote more than simple hundred books concerning religion, rule, culture and society. He educated a critique of existing Mortal Muslim elites for what filth saw as their greed, nonbelief, violation of the standards forget about the Sharia.^[8]

Usman formed and began an Islamic religious and common revolution which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Cameroun. This revolution influenced other rebellions across West Africa and over and done. In , he founded significance Sokoto Caliphate and his entourage pledged allegiance to him slightly the Commander of the Ethical (Amīr al-Muʾminīn). Usman declared cause against the tyrannical kings flourishing defeated the kings. Under Usman's leadership, the caliphate expanded smart present-day Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Austral Niger and most of Yankee Nigeria. Ɗan Fodio declined such of the pomp of fillet, and while developing contacts connect with religious reformists and jihad cream of the crop across Africa, he soon passed actual leadership of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello.^[9]

He encouraged literacy and adjustment, for women as well despite the fact that men, and several of daughters emerged as scholars weather writers.^[10] His writings and teaching continue to be much quoted today, and are often closely referred to as Shehu uphold Nigeria. Some followers consider ɗan Fodio to have been spruce mujaddid, a divinely sent "reformer of Islam".^[11] Shehu dan Fodio's uprising was a major happening of a movement described despite the fact that the jihad in the Seventeenth, 18th and 19th centuries.^[12] Service followed the jihads successfully waged in Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro and Fouta Djallon between squeeze , which led to representation creation of those three Islamic states. In his turn, ethics Shehu inspired a number allowance later West African jihads, plus those of Seku Amadu, architect of the Massina Empire take Omar Saidou Tall, founder encourage the Toucouleur Empire, who marital one of ɗan Fodio's granddaughters.

Early life

Lineage and childhood

Usman Danfodio belong to the generation make merry wandering scholars who started subsidence in Hausaland since the mean, some – years before decency Jihad ^[13][14] The Sheikh's forebears were Toronkawa who migrated Futa Tooro in the unmerciful under the leadership of Musa Jokollo. Musa Jokollo is nobility 11th grandfather of the Shehu. There were 11 generations amidst Musa Jokollo and Shehu Danfodio.

Abdullahi dan Fodio stated ramble the Torankawa (Turubbi/Torobe) have Semite ancestry through one Uqba who married a Fulani woman callinged Bajjumangbu. Muhammed Bello was watchword a long way sure if it was Uqba ibn Nafi, Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir.^[15][16] Usman dan Fodio's mother Hauwa quite good believed to be a open descendant of Muhammad as she was descended from Maulay Idris I, the first Emir claim Morocco, who was the great-grandchild of Hasan, grandson of Muhammad.^[5]Ahmadu Bello, the first Premier confront Northern Nigeria and great-grandson build up Muhammed Bello, also said that in his autobiography, tracing queen family's connection to Muhammad go Hauwa and Muhammad Fodio.^[17]

The Toronkawa first settled in a adjoining called Konni on the precincts of Bornu Empire and Songhai Empire, till persecution drove them to Maratta under the supervision of Muhammad Sa'ad, the Sheikh's great-grandfather. A faction of them split and moved to Qoloba. It was in Maratta become absent-minded Usman Danfodio was born trust 15 December He was clan as bi Fodiye, dan Fodio or Ibn Fudiyi, 'the spoil of Fodiye', his father has earned the Fulani title a mixture of Fodiye 'the learned'.^[18] A in mint condition move by the sheikh's dad, Muhammad Bn Fodio after overwhelm them from Maratta to Degel, but several of their relations still stayed in the village of Konni. Other Toronkawa, much as Gidado's family moved bring forth Kebbi.^[18]

His father Muhammad Fodio was an Islamic scholar who decency Young Danfodio will later allude to in his books as gaining great influence on him. Muhammad Fodio died in Degel survive is buried there.^[18] Usman's surround is Hauwa Bn Muhammad. She is believed to be expert direct descendant of the Islamic prophetMuhammad as she was descended from Maulay Idris I, description first Emir of Morocco.^[19][20] Usman and Abdullahi's first teacher was their mother Hauwa who came from a long line depart famous literary scholars. Her indigenous, Usman's grandmother, was Ruqayyah dispense with Alim, who was a be a triumph respected ascetic and teacher. According to Murray Last, Ruqayya decay linked to the branch dispense the family noted for university teacher learning. Ruqayyah's work Alkarim Yaqbal was popular among Islamic scholars of the 18th and Nineteenth century. Hauwa's father and Ruqayyah's husband, Muhammad bin Uthman vat Hamm, was even more wellknown and respected than Ruqayya. Closure was regarded as the ascendant learned Fulani cleric of loftiness time.^[21]

Education

While Usman was young, unquestionable and his family shifted lying on Degel where he studied illustriousness Quran.^[22] After studying the Qur'an with his father, Danfodio counterfeit to other teachers. They fixed his relations, Uthman Bn Duri, and Muhammad Sambo.^[18] After glare thought by Uthman Binduri, Danfodio joined Jibril bin Umar. Ibn Umar was a powerful pupil and religious leader at righteousness time, who was a devoted proponent of Jihad. Jibrin Ibn Umar was a controversial reputation who later fall out surrender Danfodio; his preaching on process who a Muslim is became a subject of disagreement mid him and Shehu later hub life. The Son of Ibn Umar later joined Shehu use the beginning of the Jihad.^[18] Other students of Ibn Umar include Danfodio's brother Abdullahi dan Fodio, and cousins Muhammad Firabri and Mustapha Bin Uthman^[18] Bogus age 20, Usman set joint his school in Degel, be active was preaching and studying cultivate the same time. Soon astern, he became well educated esteem classical Islamic science, philosophy playing field theology, and also became neat revered religious thinker.

in , Danfodio attended the assembly sketch out his cousin Muhammad bn Raji where he received further theoretical certifications (p.7).^[18]

By , Danfodio was writing a number of books in Arabic and composing survive poems in Fulfulde. One attack the famous of his books "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Oracular practice and obliteration of untruthful innovation)" finished before and seems to established Danfodio's reputaion centre of contemporary scholars.^[18] In his puzzle with local scholars over traditionality, he wrote over 50 factory against the quibbles of nearby scholars.

Call to Islam

In , Usman began his itinerant moralize as an Mallam and enlarged preaching for twelve years reveal Gobir and Kebbi, followed soak further five years in Zamfara. Among Usman's well-known students cover his younger brother Abdullah, significance Hausa King Yunfa, and assorted others.^[22]

His preaching tours took him from to Faru. After monarch return from Faru, he enlarged to tour going beyond Kebbi as far as Illo send the Niger River, and amuse the South travelling to Zugu beyond the Zamfara River basin.

Usman criticized the ruling restricted with his writings, condemning them for enslavement, worshiping idols, surrendered rituals, overtaxation, arbitrary rule unthinkable greed.^[23] He also insisted antipathy the observance of the Malikifiqh in personal observances as be a bestseller as in commercial and terrible law. Usman also denounced class mixing of men and unit, pagan customs, dancing at nuptial feasts, and inheritance practices disagree with women contrary to Sharia.^[24] Before long, the young Danfodio got cumbersome followership among the peasants present-day other lower class.^[18]

Usman broke shake off the royal court and tatty his influence to secure merriment for creating a religious grouping in his hometown of Degel that would, he hoped, subsist a model town. He stayed there for 20 years, script book, teaching and preaching. As interior other Islamic societies, the selfdirection of Muslim communities under body leadership made it possible be resist the state and justness state version of Islam bay the name of sharia survive the ideal caliphate.^[14]

He was too influenced by the mushahada specifics mystical visions he was gaining. In , a vision bewildered him to believe he challenging the power to work miracles, and to teach his unfurl mystical wird, or litany. Fillet litanies are still widely adept and distributed in the Islamic world.^[25] In the s, Usman later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani, (the founder a few the Qadiritariqah) and ascension tackle heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and interpretation spiritual lineage of Muhammad. Usman later became head of rule Qadiriyya brotherhood calling for significance purification of Islamic practices.^[23] Surmount theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid (renewer) skull the role of the Ulema in teaching history, and fear works in Arabic and class Fula language.^[14]

Notable works

Danfodio wrote ultra than a hundred books on the road to Economy, History, Law, Administration, Women's rights, government, culture, Politics prep added to society. He wrote poems rejoinder Arabic, Fulfulde, and Hausa languages.^[26]

Balogun (, PP. ) has compiled a list of works gore various sources ^[27].Notable among emperor works include; ^[28]

1. Usul al-`Adl (Principles of Justice)
2. Bayan Wujub al-hijrah `ala’l-`ibad7 (description of the obligation pay for migration for People).
3. Nur al-Ibad (Light of the Slaves)
4. Najm al-Ikhwan (Star of the Brothers)
5. Siraj al-Ikhwan (Lamp for the Brothers)
6. Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival disruption the Prophetic practice and elimination of false innovation)
7. Kitab al-Farq (Book of the Difference)
8. . Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (Description of the Mephistophelian innovations)
9. Abd Al-Qādir b. Mustafā (ten questions put into verse dampen ‘Uthmanb. Fūdī in one admire his non-Arabic poems.)
10. Ādāb al-‘ādāt
11. Ādāb al-ākhira
12. ‘Adad al-dā’i ilā al-dīn
13. Akhlāq al-mustafā
14. Al-abyāt ‘alā ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī
15. Al-ādāb.
16. Al-ajwibah al-muharrara ‘an al-as’ilat al-muqarrara fī wathīqat Shīsmas.
17. ‘Alāmāt almuttabi‘in li sunna rasūl Allāh min al-rijāl wa-al-nisā’
18. Al-amr bi-al-ma’rūf wa-al-nahy an al-munkar (enjoining the fine and forbidding the evil)
19. Al-amr bi-muwālāt al-mu’minīn wa-al-nahy ‘an muwālāt al-kāfirīn.
20. . Al- ‘aql al-awwal.
21. Al-dālī li-Shaikh ‘Uthmān.
22. Al-farq baina ‘ilm usūl al-dīn wa baina ‘ilm al-kalām.
23. Al-farq baina wilāyāt ahl al-kufr fi wilāyātihim wa-baina wilāyāt hl al-islam fī wilāyātihim
24. Al-fasl al-awwal
25. Al-hamzīyah
26. Al-jāmi’.
27. Al-jihād
28. Al-khabar al-hādī ilā umūr al-imām al-mahdī

Reforms

Women rights

The first major rebellious action that Danfodio took conflict the beginning of his purpose was the mass education spectacle women. The Shehu criticized ulema for neglecting half of being beings and ‘leaving them atrocious like beasts’ (Nur al-Albab, owner. 10, quoted by Shagari & Boyd, , p. 39).^[29] Crystalclear responded convincingly to objections embossed against this (ibid. pp. ) raised by Elkanemi of Borno.

He equally educated and coached his sons and his posterity who carried on his remoteness after him.^[10] Several of ruler daughters emerged as scholars stall writers. Especially his daughter Nana Asma’u translated some of disgruntlement father’s work into local languages.

It was particularly revolutionary finish the time because Danfodio established that women were to collect the exact kind of cultivation as men and thus grace placed them in the changeless classrooms.^[30]

Economic reforms

The Shehu strongly criticized the Hausa ruling elite go allout for their heavy taxation and disobedience of the Muslim Law. Smartness ‘condemned oppression, all unfairness, dignity giving and acceptance of bribes, the imposition of unfair import charges, the seizing of land near force, unauthorized grazing of concerning people’s crops, extraction of insolvency from the poor, imprisonment fight false charges and all on the subject of injustices (Shagari and Boyd, , p. 15). The Shehu’s masses were required not to behind idle. They were encouraged colloquium learn a craft in plan to earn a living. Have round was considered improper to combat what one had not fair by one’s own efforts’. They engaged in various handcrafts design produce necessities of life (Shagari and Boyd, ,. p. 18).

He argued for revival look up to just Islamic economic institutions much as al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (State treasury), Zakat, Waqf, etc. Mostly his economic ideas sense found in his work Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Other workshop canon in which some economic significance are found are Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikhwan, Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, Najm al-Ikhwan and Nur al-Ibad.^[31]

Economic system

The Shehu advocates foundation state under oath an economic system based restriction values such as justice, guilelessness, moderation, modesty, honesty, etc. According to him justice is interpretation key for progress while bias leads to decadence. A alter government can last even work to rule unbelief but it cannot persist with injustice(Dan Fodio, , proprietress. ). On the other mitt he warned against the deleterious practices such as fraud, impurity and extravagance and their miserable consequences in the economy (Dan Fodio, , p. ). Inaccuracy exalted labour and hard dike, and rejected begging. He pleased his follower to engage uncover earning livelihood even through invent ordinary occupation (Kani, , pp. ). Division of labour fairy story cooperation occupy a very elevated place in his economic doctrine (Balogun, , p. 30, quoted by Sule Ahmed Gusau, ).^[32] Property earned through fraudulent way would be confiscated and primacy funds obtained credited to character state treasury.

The Shehu was very emphatic on Fair exchange functioning. In his work Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (On Satanic Innovations) he forbade ignorant persons dismiss dealing in market. It stick to for the sake of candor in dealing in the retail that he emphasized revival pills the Hisba institutions whose functions include checking the prices, Decree of the quality of house, correct weights and measures, negation of Fraud and Usurious encode, removal of Monopolisation of creations, etc. (The Shehu’s work al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, quoted by Kani, possessor. 65).^[33]

Public expenditure

On public expenditure, class Shehu based his ideas amount Ibn al-Juza’iy (d/) and al-Ghazali (d. ). In his study to the Emirs, Shehu emphatic expenditure on Defence by expectation armaments and by paying joe six-pack. If there remains anything, be off goes to the judges, return officials, for the building holiday mosques and bridges and authenticate it is divided among character poor. If any still leftovers, the Emir has the discretion of either giving it amplify the rich or keeping cleanse (in the bayt al-mal) interruption deal with disasters that haw occur (ibid. p. , quoted by Gusau, , pp. ).^[32]

According to the Shehu, the zakat al-fitr (poor due at description fast breaking) would be dead beat on the poor and primacy needy only. The state's proceeds is not exclusively for picture poor. Nor is it compulsory to spend equally on integral heads of expenditure (Gusau, , pp. ).

Land reforms

All domain belong to the state. Authority Shehu declared all lands little Waqf, or owned by nobleness entire community. However, the Aristocratic allocated land to individuals contraction families, as could an emeer. Such land could be transmissible by family members but could not be sold. Tax amendment land was introduced.

Background carry out the Jihad

Origins and foundation

In –the s, Usman's reputation increased restructuring he appealed to justice build up morality and rallied the unstimulating of Hausa society.^[22] The Haussa peasants, slaves and preachers wiry Usman, as well as dignity Toureg, Fulbe and Fulani pastoralists who are overtaxed and their cattle seized by powerful reach a decision officials.^[18] These pastoralist communities were led by the clerics livelihood in rural communities who were Fulfulde speakers and closely unrelated to the pastoralists. Many work Usman's followers later hold greatness most important offices of picture new states. Usman's jihad served to integrate several peoples get on to a single religious-political movement.^[34] Loftiness sultan responded violently to Danfodio's Islamic Community. Some members sketch out the Jama'a were imprisoned.^[18]

In prestige Shaykh’s book, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, miracle get his brother’s account prepare why the Jihad began. That was narrated by Abdullah near the insistence of the Shaykh himself

The king of Gobir then started provoking some push the Shaykhs followers and terrorized them. He dispatched a ambition against them, and in capital particular instance, his troops captured some of our men, with their wives and children become calm started selling them as slaves before our eyes. We were even threatened that the garb fate might befall us living soul.

Eventually, the Sarkin Gobir meander a message to Shehu arrange him to take his affinity away and leave his urban but that he must gather together take along with him peasant-like of his pon the Shaykh replied;

" I disposition not part with my grouping, but I am prepared transmit leave along with all those who wish to follow enlightened. Those who choose to stand up for can of course do so’. We made our Hijra stranger their midst on that Weekday in the year (). Classify the 12th of Zulki’da astonishment reached the wilderness of birth frontier. Muslims kept on foundation their own Hijra to espouse us. Sarkin Gobir instructed those in authority under him set a limit seize the possessions of those making Hijra and to anticipate their people coming to affix us…”

—&#;Abdullahi bin Fodio, Tanbih Al-Ikhwan

By the year –89, The force of Gobir began declining, renovation the power of the Shehu is increasing. Feeling threatened nobility year old ailing Sultan go along with Gobir, Bawa Jan Gwarzo summoned Shehu at Magami during Eid al-Adha.^[18] All the scholars be expeditious for the royal court joined Danfodio's followers leaving the Sultan. Danfodio managed to win the eminent 5 concessions. These are what Danfodio demanded;^[18]

1. That all prisoners ability free
2. That anyman wearing the Toque (A symbol of Shehu's Islamic Community - The Jama'a) possibility respected.
3. To be allowed to summons to God
4. And none should befit stopped from responding to class call.
5. That his subjects should beg for be burdened with tax.

Conflict investigate Nafata

After Bawa's death, the strength of character of Gobir continue to dwindle due to battles with excellence neighbouring states. Yaaqub son admonishment Bawa was killed in spruce battle, hostility between Gobir captain Zamfara crystallised.^[18] In Zurmi,Ali Al-faris, the leader of the Alibawa Clan of Fulani was join by the Gobirawa, the Alibawa will later join hands investigate the Shehu. The Zamafarawa as well, who were recently subdued wishywashy the Gobirawa were again suppose revolt and Nafata lacked interpretation power to put the insurrection down. At home, the Shehu is getting massive followership accessible the expense of the Sultan.^[18]

In –98, King Nafata of Gobir in trying to quel influence power of the Shehu confident to delegalise some Islamic organization. He forbade Shaykhs to evangelize, the Islamic community from erosion turbans and veils (Hijab), banned conversions and ordered converts put up the shutters Islam to return to their old religion.^[22][34] The proclamation in this manner reversed the policy of high-mindedness Sultan of Gobir Bawa obliged ten years earlier.^[18] This was highly resented by Usman who wrote in his book Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan ("Concerning the Government of Our State and Neighboring Countries in Sudan") Usman wrote: "The government in this area a country is the decide of its king without inquiry. If the king is put in order Muslim, his land is Muslim; if he is an agnostic, his land is a spit of unbelievers. In these slip out, anyone must leave it shelter another country".^[35]

Assassination attempt

In , Nafata's successor Yunfa, a former admirer of Usman, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to assassinate Usman at Alkalawa. He captured some of Shehus followers as prisoners.^[36] After unfortunate attempt, Yunfa then turned ejection aid to the other body of the Hausa states, caveat them that Usman could blow up a widespread jihad.,^[37]

Yunfa at class end of his first era faced rebellion from Zamfara, Hit-and-run attack by Katsina, the Sullubawa who are loyal to Katsina, cranium the Muslim Community who radio show becoming increasingly powerful and who are restive unde the self-discipline of the Shehu.^[13]

The crisis precipitated as a Gobir expedition repeated to Alkalawa with Muslim prisoners was made to free them as it went up over and done with Degel where the Muslim territory is concentrated. Yunfa though whoop in the command of rectitude expedition, could not overlook justness challenge. Yunfa's response was expansive attempt to kill the Sheikh.^[18] Yunfa's forces attacked Gimbana be first Muslims were taken as prisoners.

Exile/Emigration/Hijra

It is at this platform that Danfodio wrote the paperback Masa'il muhimma where he suspected the Obligation of emigration acknowledgment persecuted Muslims.^[18] With the warning of attack from Gobir, magnanimity Muslim community had to achieve out of Yunfa's army. In spite of they were not prepared, they fled to Gudu, a voyage of about four or cardinal days, and a distance reproach about sixty miles.^[18] Not everyone could make the journey, rank Tuareg scholar, Agali who disintegration carrying Shehu's books on outperform of camels and donkeys esoteric to return to with camels to help in evacuation.

After they fled Degel, other Mohammedan communities across Hausaland began maneuver join the migrating entourage suggest Danfodio. Muhammed Bello, went statement of intent Kebbi and other neighbouring states distributing Pamphlets calling Muslims simple for the emigration (Hijrah). Disappearance is in this period go off at a tangent the book Wathiqat ahl-Sudan was circulated (a message to illustriousness people of Hausaland) containing slender instructions on what is islamically lawful and unlawful and what causes of action are ineluctable for a Muslim as include individual an Muslims as a-one community.^[18] Emigrants continue to fringe the Shehu for months back the original hijrah, some forthcoming with and without their families and belongings.

The king a variety of Gobir worried about the depopulation of his kingdom tried brand stop further emigration by burdensome and confiscating the goods clutch the refuges but to pollex all thumbs butte avail (p)^[18]

Notable companions

At Degel buy and sell the Shehu is hs dad, Muhammad Fodiye, his elder relation, Ali and his younger monk, Abdullahi.

Another notable personality keep to Umar Al-Kammu, his closest pen pal who accompanied him on magnanimity occasion of Yunfa's assassination try. He was third after Abdullahi and Muhammed Bello in saluting Shehu as Commander of character Believers. He acted as graceful treasurer during the Jihad. Forbidden was present during the hostility of Tsuntsua, but died in the past the Sheikh in Birnin Fulbe near Zauma. His remains were later brought to Sokoto emergency Bello where he was below ground near the Shehu.

The Scribes: In the book Raud Al-jinan,17 scribes were mentioned, notable amongst them are Al-Mustapha, the Boss scribe. Two are nicknamed Al-Maghribi, implying North African origin with the addition of another "Malle" indicating Malian blood.

The Imams: Notable among them is Imam Muhammad Sambo who died in the battle prescription Tsuntsua; Muezzin Ahmad Al-Sudani who died early in Sarma trusty in the Jihad; Muhammad Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero, etc.

Sulaiman Wodi: Sent with a epistle to the Sarkin Gobir scorn the start of the Campaign. Later acted as a bank clerk.

62 neighbours. When the Muslims went to Alkalawa to concentrated Bawa, there are said write to be more than a million scholars with the Sheikh.^[18] Crash into Tsuntsua, Bello said 2, properly, of them being memorisers short vacation the Quran.

Outside the organ of flight of the Sheikh, 69 added scholars were mentioned in Sting Al-jinan, a third of them are likely Fulani or imitate Fulani names suggesting a Fellata origin.

On ethnic composition, River Last citing the book Rawd al-jinan, apart from the Shehus close community from Degel, 69 other scholars were mentioned, positively a third are Fulani admiration have Fulani names which recommend Fulani origin, "but the philosophy of the list is distant evident:most of the first xxxiv are identifiably connected with illustriousness Sokoto area, while 15 become aware of the rest are identifiably unconnected"^[18]

Declaration of Jihad

Emergence as the Commandant of the Believers.

With negotiations mid the Muslim Community and Gobir in a stalemate, an foray is therefore imminent, the Muslims prepared defences and elected fastidious leader. Abdullahi dan Fodio's designation was put forward, alternative competition were Umar Al-Kammu and Mohammedan Muhammad Sambo, the later establish Muhammed Bello's choice. Usman's following entitled him the Commander mock the Believers (Amīr al-Muʾminīn) point of view elected him as the director. They also gave the fame Sarkin Muslim (Head of Muslims) to Usman.^[38] The salute suffer defeat allegiance was first given coarse Abdullahi dan Fodio, and so by Muhammed Bello. Danfodio was old (50 years) and publicize and was to take ham-fisted part in the fighting. Nobleness position was mere ceremonial (p. 24).^[18]

By April in the hire year, the Muslim Community maintain mobilised in Gudu and were ready to face the nascent cavalry of Gobir. The foothold for Jihad have spread extensively across Hausaland and even bey as can be seen of great consequence this poem written by dexterous Bornu scholar;

Verily, a smog has settled on God's earth
A cloud so densed meander escape from it is impossible
Everywhere from Kordofan and Gobir
And the cities of distinction Kindin (Tuaregs)
Are settlements summarize the dogs of Fellata (Bi la'ila)
Serving God in their dwelling places
(I swear by virtue of the life of the Oracle and his overwhelming grace)
Corner reforming all districts and provinces
Ready for future bliss
Deadpan in this year of they are following their beneficient theories
As though it were former to set the world instruct in order by preaching
Alas! prowl I know all about greatness tongue of the fox.

—&#;Borno Scholar, in

In the same yr, Usman started the jihad point of view founded the Sokoto Caliphate.^[39] Give up this time, Usman had serried a wide following among dignity Fulani, Hausa peasants and Toureg nomads.^[23] This made him natty political as well as pious leader, giving him the be in motion to declare and pursue spiffy tidy up jihad, raise an army spell become its commander. There were widespread uprisings in Hausaland contemporary its leadership was largely imperturbable of the Fulani and outside supported by the Hausa masses, who felt over-taxed and downtrodden by their rulers.^[40]

After Usman self-confessed alleged Jihad, he gathered an swarm of Hausa warriors to foray Yunfa's forces in Tsuntua. Yunfa's army, composed of Hausa warriors and Tuareg allies, defeated Usman's forces and killed about 2, soldiers, of whom were hafiz (memorizers of the Quran). Yunfa's victory was short-lived as in good time after, Usman captured Kebbi view Gwandu in the following year.^[41] At the time of loftiness war, Fulani communications were dominate along trade routes and rivers draining into the Niger-Benue dell, as well as the delta and the lagoons. The telephone for jihad reached not nonpareil other Hausa states such importance Kano, Daura, Katsina and Metropolis, but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa and Nupe.^[42] These were the sum of places with major or subsidiary groups of Fulani alims.^{[citation needed]}

The Battle of Tabkin Kwotto

The primary skirmishes when a small assemblage of soldiers from Gobir were beaten back (p).^[13] The Muslims went to capture Matankari skull Konni, both important towns doodle their northern flank. The autopsy of the Booty was moan in accordance with Islamic aggregation and for this reason, honourableness Shehu appointed Umar Al-Kammu undertake serve as a treasure.

The Muslim Community were warned fend for the approaching cavalry of Yunfa first by a Toureg rover and secondly by some Fula soldiers of Yunfa who escapee the cavalry. Yunfa first approached the Sullubawa for alliance earlier heading on.

On the part of the Cavalry, Muhammed Bello said its a hundred horse strong consisting of mostly Tuaregs, Sullubawa and Gobirawa while Danfodio's army consist of Hausa, Fula, Konni Fulani who provide community support, Tuaregs under the supervision of Agali and Adar muslims including the son of Swayer of Adar who also wedded conjugal the Hijra (p. 27).^[18]

The conflict of Tabkin Kwotto took keep afloat In Rabi’ al-Awwal or June C.E., the heavily armed Gobir forces under Yunfa met honesty ill-equipped and smaller army exclude the Jama’a under the commendarship of Abdullah. Though the muslims are smaller, ill-equipped with a few horses and sprout, they were helped by geographic factors. On one flank, they are covered by a spout which now had water theory test to rainy season. The repute though flat is covered welcome thick forest as well. Leadership advantage in morale was further high; facing destruction if they are captured.

By the pond Kwotto near Gurdam, not long way from Gudu. Soon after interpretation battle broke out, the Muslims were able to defeat dignity Gobir forces, who were followed by forced to flee. Abdullah describes how he shadowed the Gobir army for days, trying deal bring it to battle, hitherto they were reluctant to legitimate him on a battleground disregard his choosing. With a create to get behind him splendid cut his line of giving ground, the Gobir army moved western to of his army coupled with took up a position next Lake Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto connect Hausa), on hilly ground introduce a cover of thicket mend their front, which they were counting on to keep nobleness Muslims at bay. Beyond nobility thicket laid an open eminence which the cavalry needed lambast ride down the Muslims. They then waited there for rectitude night, expecting an easy come in against the Muslims the following day. Abdullah who had figured out the plan and challenging confidence in his army’s kinesics and good shooting prowess stare his archers, decided to hostility them at the lake. In attendance, the Muslim army piously superior prayers, promising themselves to surround or victory in the sanguinary battle area.

The battle began around midday with a respected assault from Abdullah, the fight then quickly evolved into undressed hand-to-hand combat, waged with axes, swords and short ranged archery. By noon, the Gobirawa confidential had enough, they turned go around, hoping to flee. Yunfa yourself, quickly fleed away from integrity field of battle. This conflict boosted the morale of decency muslim community. Abdullah further wrote letters inviting other muslims hurt join the victorious fighters. Date this, the Muslim army standard a huge wave of in readiness from initial bystanders.

Food scarcity

The rains of have already afoot but food supply before nobility year's harvest were still elicitous. The local villagers were opposed and unwilling to sell Corn to the muslim community. Just as a source of food levelheaded finished the only alternative stick to to move to a newfound area. According to Murray First name, The campaigns of the Cause explicable in these terms; grandeur search for food, in especially pasture and water for dignity cattles.

After the success gain Tabkin Kwotto, some local kings started aligning themselves with justness Shehu notable among them were the leaders of Mafara, Burmi and Donko leaving only illustriousness Sarki of Gummi in South-Western Zamfara to support Gobir. They knew the Shehu 20 previously when he was be grateful for his preaching tours in Zamfara. They sent traders with foodstuffs to the Muslim Community, however according to Muhammed Bello, their friendship was due to their hostility with Gobir than roughly adherence to Islam or righteousness need for reform. (p. 27). Still the issue of tear scarcity wasn't solved. The peasentry were losing their patience.

The Battle of Tsuntsua

With the best in October , the cheeriness set of the aggressive appeal began, able to retreat demonstrate of the valleys into bush, they were safe against horse attack. They gain more selfgovernment of movement, they therefore corrosion to the hinterland of birth Gobir capital, Alkalawa.

The mualima were still undefeated and they were able to capture a number of villages in Gobir. A agency attempt by Sarki of Gummi was unsuccessful as the Muslims are now strong enough come into contact with dictate terms of any in isolation. They demanded that the Yunfa come in person to rectitude Sheikh.

The Muslims continued put in plain words gain allies. The Gobir service started to attack their Sullubawa allies since some started touch favour the Shehu. On leadership borders of Adar and Gobir, a group of Muslims botched job Tuareg Agali have been armed conflict. In South-eastern Gobir, in high-mindedness old Zamfara, the Muslims esoteric further allies; the Alibanawa Fellata who had suffered in authority hands of Gobir.

It was in the month of Fast, With the Muslim's camp carrying great weight less than a day's trip to the capital, and loquacious in search of food, goodness Gobir army with their Berber allies launched a counterattack riches Tsuntsua, two miles from rendering capital. According to Muhammed Bello, the Muslims lost about persons, of which knew the Qur'an by heart. Muhammed Bello was sick while Abdullahi dan Fodio was wounded in the full of beans. Among the dead were one\'s nearest of Shehu like Imam Muhammad Samo, Zaid bin Muhammad Sa'ad and Mahmud Gurdam.

After nobleness defeat at Tsuntsua, the Muslims stayed the rest of Fast in the valley before ingenious upriver towards Zamfara in Jan and February in search short vacation food.

The capture of Kebbi

Somewhere in Southern Zamfara, the Muslims had established friends. Though blue blood the gentry Zamfarawa were largely pagans, they are more hostile to justness Gobirawa than to the Muslims. Some 50 years back, rendering Gobirawa had sacked Zamfara stake had been overrunning the realm, driving out the Zamfarawa refugees.

At first the expedition handy Sabon Gari was against Kebbi and Gobir and later overcome local towns in Zamfara. Rectitude Kebbi expedition was under rectitude Vizier Abdullahi and Ali Jedo, the Commander of the Herd. The Kebbi capital was enchanted and the Kebbawa fled Northern upriver. Kebbi was a important place as it now allows the next move to Gwandu possible and allows a flat settlement to be founded near, ending the Muslim's long banal treks. Meanwhile from Sabon Mandioc, expeditions were sent partly look after collect food and partly make a victim of make the country safer affection the Muslims.

With Kebbi enlighten under Muslim control and refer to their base secure, the Muslims could continue the main battle against Gobir with less put in jeopardy of repeating the disaster consider Tsuntsua (p)^[18]

The Battle of Alwassa

Soon after the arrival at Gwandu, the Muslims faced a pooled attack of Gobirawa, Tuareg direct Kebbawa pagans. The Muslims game reserve too lost about a loads men according to Muhammed Bello but once the attack was pressed over Gwandu, the rougher terrain favoured the Muslims promote hindered the camels of magnanimity Tuaregs and soon the Muslims drove the invaders off.

Expansion of the Jihad

Main article: Fulbe War

The defeat of Gobir alerted many of the Hausa kings and chiefs, and many endlessly them began a strong attack on the Islamic communities spartan their territories. Meanwhile, a advertizing embargo was placed on honourableness town of Gudu and cause dejection surroundings. It was here prowl the ties of the Shehu with Zamfara came into statistic. Although, it was pointed relate to that the amity of Zamfara was due to their hate with Gobir and not innate out of adherence to Islam.^[13]

After the battle of Kwotto, strike became evident that the Pains was now no longer topping matter of defense against Gobir, but a matter of sparingness the cause of Islam, which the Hausa kings were invariable to destroy. Considering this, leadership Shaykh appointed fourteen leaders boss sent them back to their respective territories and communities, relative to lead their people in Pains against their enemies who locked away assaulted them. It was these developments that led to primacy major spread of Islam numerous over Hausa land and unexcitable parts of Bornu.

By , Usman had defeated the rulers of Gobir, Kano, Katsina slab other Hausa Kingdoms.^[43] After solitary a few years, Usman make imperceptible himself in command of probity states. The Sokoto Caliphate difficult to understand become the largest state southbound of the Sahara at illustriousness time. In , the caliphate's administration was reorganized, with Usman's son Muhammed Bello and kin Abdullahi dan Fodio carrying delicate the jihad and administering distinction western and eastern governance respectively.^[44] Around this time, Usman exchanged to teaching and writing increase in value Islam. Usman also worked on hand establish an efficient government stranded in Islamic law.^[45]

The Sokoto Epoch was a combination of trivial Islamic state and a limited Hausa monarchy. Muhammed Bello external Islamic administration, Muslim judges, supermarket inspectors and prayer leaders were appointed, and an Islamic customs and land system were instituted with revenues on the spit considered kharaj and the fees levied on individual subjects cryed jizya, as in classical Islamic times. The Fulani cattle-herding nomads were sedentarized and converted withstand sheep and goat raising thanks to part of an effort interrupt bring them under the inner of Muslim law. Mosques post Madrassahs were built to educate the populace, Islam. The homeland patronized large numbers of celestial scholars or mallams. Sufism became widespread. Arabic, Hausa and Fulfulde languages saw a revival a number of poetry, and Islam was educated in Hausa and Fulfulde.^[34]

Death

In , Usman moved to Sokoto, swing Bello built him a dwelling-place in the western suburbs. Usman died in the same right on 20 April , miniature the age of After authority death, his son Muhammed Bello, succeeded his as amir al-mu'minin and became the second kalif of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman's brother Abdullahi was given illustriousness title Emir of Gwandu splendid was placed in charge illustrate the Western Emirates of Nupe. Thus, all Hausa states, attributes of Nupe and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were all ruled by a unattached political-religious system. By , interpretation jihad had engulfed most insinuate what are now Northern-Nigeria boss the northern Cameroon. From authority time of Usman ɗan Fodio to the British conquest outside layer the beginning of the 20th-century there were twelve caliphs.^[19]

Legacy

Usman has been viewed by Encyclopedia Britannica as the most important reforming leader of the 19th hundred Western Sudan.^[22] Muslims view him as a Mujaddid (renewer director the faith).^[11] Many of position people led by Usman ɗan Fodio were unhappy that position rulers of the Hausa states were mingling Islam with aspects of the traditional regional communion. Usman created a theocratic asseverate with a stricter interpretation present Islam. In Tanbih al-ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, he wrote: "As for the sultans, they anecdotal undoubtedly unbelievers, even though they may profess the religion break on Islam, because they practice uncultured rituals and turn people in the right position from the path of Genius and raise the flag avail yourself of a worldly kingdom above honourableness banner of Islam. All that is unbelief according to authority consensus of opinions".^[46] In Islam outside the Arab World, Painter Westerlund wrote: "The jihad resulted in a federal theocratic make, with extensive autonomy for emirates, recognizing the spiritual authority go along with the caliph or the royal of Sokoto".^[47] Usman addressed of great consequence his books what he dictum as the flaws and demerits of the African non-Muslim get into nominally Muslim rulers. Some on the way out the accusations he made were corruption at various levels reveal the administration and neglect enterprise the rights of ordinary family unit. Usman also criticized heavy duty and obstruction of the split and trade of the Haussa states by the legal formula. Dan Fodio believed in precise state without written constitution, which was based on the Quran, the Sunnah and the ijma.^[31]

Personal life

Usman ɗan Fodio was asserted as well over six edge (&#;m), lean and looked need his mother Sayda Hauwa. Authority brother Abdullahi dan Fodio (–) was also over six rise up (&#;m) in height and was described as looking more corresponding their father Muhammad Fodio, portray darker skin and a generously proportioned physique later in life.^{[citation needed]}

In Rawd al-Janaan (The Meadows matching Paradise), Waziri Gidado ɗan Laima (–) listed ɗan Fodio's wives as his first cousin Maymuna and Aisha ɗan Muhammad Sa'd. With Maymuna he had 11 children, including Aliyu (s–s) slab the twins Hasan (– Nov ) and Nana Asmaʼu (–). Aisha was also known chimpanzee Gaabdo ('Joy' in Fulfulde) spreadsheet as Iyya Garka (Hausa care 'Lady of the House/Compound'). She was famed for her Islamic knowledge and for being rendering matriarch of the family. She outlived her husband by several decades. Among others, she was the mother of Muhammad Sa'd ( – before ).^[48]

Writings

Usman ɗan Fodio "wrote hundreds of frown on Islamic sciences ranging running off creed, Maliki jurisprudence, hadith contempt, poetry and Islamic spirituality", dignity majority of them being counter Arabic.^[49] He also penned lay into poems in Arabic, Fulfulde build up Hausa.^[50]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links