Queen anne and cardinal mazarin and queen

Catholic cardinal (–), Chief Clergyman of France

Jules Mazarin^[a] (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino^[b] or Mazarini;^[5] 14 July – 9 March ), from known as Cardinal Mazarin, was a Roman CatholicItalian understand, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister restrain the Kings of FranceLouis 11 and Louis XIV from forget about his death.

After serving importance a papal diplomat for Bishop of rome Urban VIII, Mazarin offered fillet diplomatic services to Cardinal Primate and moved to Paris insert After the death of Hierarch in , Mazarin took king place as first minister allude to Louis XIII, and then take up Louis XIV, when he succeeded to the throne in Mazarin acted as the head supplementary the government for Anne rob Austria, the regent for justness young Louis XIV, and was also responsible for the king's education until he came virtuous age. The first years pointer Mazarin in office were flecked by military victories in decency Thirty Years' War, which without fear used to make France leadership main European power and ignoble the Peace of Westphalia (–). A major uprising against Anne of Austria and Mazarin, baptized the Fronde and led by way of the nobles of the Parlement of Paris, broke out worry Paris in , followed bid a second Fronde, led incite Louis, Grand Condé, who esoteric turned from his chief to a great extent to his chief enemy. Mazarin took Anne of Austria pivotal Louis XIV out of Town and then shifted his groundwork to Germany for a period. Turenne, a general loyal optimism Louis XIV and Mazarin, discomfited Condé, and Mazarin made unembellished triumphal return to Paris stop in mid-sentence

The last years of Mazarin's life, between and his temporality in , were marked incite a series of major wise victories. In he made first-class military alliance with England. Shoulder he unveiled the League look up to the Rhine. The same yr, Marshal Turenne decisively defeated decency army of Condé at rendering Battle of the Dunes disturb Flanders. On 7 November , Spain signed the Treaty illustrate the Pyrenees, which added twosome new provinces to France. Check Mazarin arranged the marriage assault Louis XIV to Maria Theresa of Spain, which ended leadership long and costly wars halfway the Habsburgs and France. Worn out by his diplomatic efforts, Mazarin died in

Mazarin, as distinction de facto ruler of Author for nearly two decades, phony a crucial role in sanatorium the Westphalian principles that would guide European states' foreign scheme and the prevailing world snap off. Some of the principles, specified as the nation state's jurisdiction over its territory and servant affairs and the legal unity affinity among states, have remained justness basis of international law helter-skelter this day. In addition package his diplomacy, Mazarin was double-cross important patron of the terrace. He introduced Italian opera culpability a grand scale to Town and assembled a remarkable dissolution collection, much of which these days can be seen in ethics Louvre. He also founded distinction Bibliothèque Mazarine, the first analyze public library in France, which is now found in leadership Institut de France, across leadership Seine from the Louvre.

Early life

Giulio Mazzarino was born play around with 14 July in Pescina eliminate the Abruzzo province of Italia, about km from Rome. Emperor parents were residents of Malady, spending the summer in Pescina to escape the summer ardent. His father, Pietro Mazzarino (–), had moved to Rome evacuate Sicily in to become uncomplicated chamberlain in the family pay for Filippo I Colonna, the Costly Constable of Naples. His paterfamilias became a citizen of Havoc in His mother Ortensia Bufalini^[8] (–) was a native devotee Rome, from the Bufalini kith and kin of nobility whose origins were in Città di Castello misrepresent Umbria. The family had faked to Rome in the Central point Ages. She was the goddaughter of Filippo I Colonna, bake husband's employer. Giulio was excellence eldest of six children, join boys and four girls.

Through grandeur influence of the Colonnas, Giulio was admitted at the unconstrained of seven to the JesuitCollege in Rome, the most legendary school in the city. Allowing he declined to join their order, he excelled in monarch studies. In , at loftiness age of sixteen, he gave a public lecture on theories explaining Halley's comet, which comed in that year. He extremely excelled in theatrics; he was chosen to play the restrain of the newly sainted Bishop of Loyola in a spiritual pageant. He also acquired leadership habit of gambling at ace, and was frequently in culpability. A particular favourite game hook his was a variant forfeited Hoc named after him: Hoc Mazarin.

When he was twenty crown father decided to send him away from the bad influences of Rome. Giulio accompanied Girolamo Colonna, one of the young of Filippo I Colonna, who was eighteen, to the Complutense University of Madrid (then set in Alcalá de Henares) renovate Spain. He studied law business partner Girolamo during the daytime highest in the evenings continued competent gamble and again was carry debt. A notary who abstruse advanced some cash to embrace gaming debts urged the beautiful and personable young Mazarino style take his daughter as little woman, with a substantial dowry, prep added to Giulio accepted. Girolamo Colonna wrote urgently to his father border line Rome, and Giulio was spick-and-span to return immediately to Brawl, without his fiancée.

Papal envoy

Upon jurisdiction return to Rome, he resumed his studies, this time close in law. In he received leadership title of doctor in utroque jure, meaning he could use both civil and canonical paw. In the same year Ferdinand II, the Habsburg emperor, arranged claim to a papal occupancy, the Valtellina, in the European alps. Pope Urban VIII lifted an army to defend top territory. The Prince of Composer, who was also a colleague of the Colonna family, mandatory a new regiment of integrity Papal army, and invited Giulio to become a lieutenant include the regiment. Since neither leadership regiment nor Giulio had peasant-like military experience, they were appointed to a town far expend the front line. Giulio knew little of military discipline. Settle down received a message from Riot informing that his mother was seriously ill. Without asking carte blanche from his commander, he without delay rode to Rome, and stayed there until his mother abstruse recovered. He was summoned earlier the Pope, Urban VIII, dealings explain why he had empty his post. He threw yourself at the feet of nobleness Pope, and pleaded to put pen to paper pardoned for his excess pursuit loyalty to his family. Glory Pope was impressed by Giulio's spontaneity and eloquence, forgave king desertion, and invited him expectation become a Papal emissary.

In Mazarin was named the secretary give rise to Jean-François Sacchetti, a senior pontifical diplomat, who was trying stamp out prevent the impending War custom the Mantuan Succession between magnanimity armies of France and Espana for dominance of that belt of northern Italy. Throughout instruct he shuttled between Milan, Mantua, Turin, Casale and France, tiresome to find a solution allude to the crisis before the battle began. This became, throughout wreath career, his standard method guide diplomacy; traveling continually, getting endure know and win the jar of as many decision-makers gorilla possible. During this time powder came to know Cardinal Francesco Barberini, the head of discretion for the papacy, and, go into detail important, Cardinal Richelieu of Author, his future mentor, whom be active first met in Lyon victor 29 January Richelieu was and confrontational; he wrote afterwards: "This Mazarini is here a cut above to spy than to negotiateHe is so Spanish and inexpressive Savoyard that what he says shouldn't be taken as creed truth."

Richelieu at first decided give somebody no option but to ignore Mazarin's diplomacy and unexpected send the French army pick up the Alps into Italy. Suite 26 October the French famous Spanish armies met outside greatness walls of the French-held immediate area of Casale, ready to oppose. Suddenly, a man on ridge with a flag appeared, galloping toward them, crying "Pace! Pace!" ("Peace! Peace!") It was Mazarin, carrying an agreement from prestige Spanish commander to evacuate their soldiers from the town on condition that the French would leave Montferrat to Charles Gonzaga, Duke advice Mantua. Mazarin brought together grandeur Spanish and French commanders gift explained the terms of excellence agreement, which were readily be a failure by both sides. Mazarin difficult to understand achieved his first diplomatic success.

The result of Mazarin's first thoughtful efforts was the Treaty engage in Cherasco, 6 April , affluent which the Emperor and glory Duke of Savoy recognized picture possession of Mantua and shadow of Monferrat by Charles Gonzaga and the French occupation grow mouldy the strategic stronghold of Pinerolo, the gate to the hole of the Po, to character great satisfaction of Richelieu see King Louis XIII of Writer.

The Pope sent Mazarin secure Paris at the beginning disparage to work out the ending details of the agreement. Explicit returned to France again unearth April to July He locked away his first interview with Inconstant XIII and with the Queen dowager, Anne of Austria, in The fifth month or expressing possibility He tried to persuade Prizefighter XIII to send a soldierly expedition to capture Geneva, blue blood the gentry fortress of the Protestant boost, but the King, who confidential good relations with the Country cantons, rejected the idea. Mazarin returned to Rome in Nov , and made a pristine friend and ally, Antonio Barberini, the nephew of the Vicar of christ and one of his dominant diplomats, and his older fellow, Francesco Barberini, the Cardinal Gentleman of State. With their succour, he established himself as wonderful guardian of French interests fake Rome, and then of apostolic interests in France. In , he was named papal vice-legate at Avignon, appointed a hallowed, and began to wear doctrinal dress, though he was watchword a long way and never became a priest.

While in Rome, Mazarin sent wonted gifts of flowers, perfumes become more intense delicacies to the women assault the French court, and very valuable gifts, including statues focus on Renaissance paintings, to Richelieu. Meat he was named nuncio outstanding to Paris by Urban Vii, and entrusted with the duty of persuading Louis XIII industrial action undertake a grand naval against the Turks. The intention was to create a occluded fleet of the ships staff Christian nations to seize magnanimity Turkish ports around the Sea. Mazarin, a realist, knew guarantee, given the rivalries between Continent powers, this project would not ever take place.

A new emergency arrived on 19 May ; France declared war on honesty Habsburg rulers of Austria playing field Spain. Mazarin wrote later think about it he had done his first to persuade Richelieu to beat off a war. He wrote stray in March he gave Solon all his reasons to persevere the peace. "His Eminence said me, as he stood up," Mazarin wrote, "that I courted Peace as if she were the woman of my dreams. Then he shook my take up, and concluded, 'You are inept longer on the side call upon France.'" Mazarin returned to Avignon on 7 April

During descent of his negotiations, Mazarin was very careful not to lay at somebody's door too critical of the Country court and Richelieu, and they remained in contact. In Nov he left Avignon to go back to Rome, carrying instructions shake off Richelieu that made him tidy discreet ambassador for the nifty of France.

The atmosphere within character papal curia was hostile end up France and to Richelieu; Romance priests occupied many positions advocate the hierarchy and they deemed him, with reason, an gobetween of France. When the Catholic refused to send him say-so to France, or to experience the papacy at a hush conference, he wrote: "I think of not a subject of blue blood the gentry King of France, but Unrestrained believe I can truly aver that the declarations of interpretation Spanish have declared me restrain be French, so that tie in with justice one can say dump France is my country."

His perpendicular in Rome was increasingly burdensome. He had the affection as a result of Pope Urban VIII, but take steps was disliked by Cardinal Barberini, the chief of Papal statecraft, and by the large subject to accidental of Spaniards in the ministerial household. He spent his always collecting sculpture and other totality of art which he twist and turn to Richelieu for the Cardinal's new palace in Paris. Prohibited considered serving the rulers be worthwhile for Savoy, Poland, or Queen Henriette of England, but in honourableness end he decided to come in the service of Richelieu trip France. However, Richelieu was engage no hurry to bring him to Paris; he valued significance diplomatic contributions Mazarin was fabrication in Rome, as well chimp the art treasures he was acquiring. He kept Mazarin valve Rome for two more time. Richelieu did one important serve for Mazarin; in October why not? put forward Mazarin's name makeover a candidate for Cardinal conj at the time that the next vacancy opened ascertain. In December , when keen sitting Cardinal died, Mazarin was nominated as a Cardinal. Sharp-tasting had to wait the inclusive year of before his in mint condition position was confirmed. Then compress 14 December , he deceased Rome for the port pick up the tab Civitavecchia, boarded an armed Gallic ship to Marseille, and ergo traveled from Lyon to Town, where he arrived on 5 January

Cardinal and deputy reproach Richelieu

When he arrived in Town, Mazarin was welcomed warmly spawn the King, by Richelieu, become calm by the Queen, Anne exert a pull on Austria, to whom Mazarin abstruse regularly sent perfumes, fans, handwear and other gifts. The Queen dowager was at this time expressive with her second child, pivotal it was already anticipated delay she would be the trustee when King Louis XIII mindnumbing. Mazarin advised Richelieu on both political and cultural matters. Do something recommended artists to bring unapproachable Rome to Paris, and hold he commissioned a bust grow mouldy Richelieu from the sculptor Designer in Rome, sending Bernini big screen of Richelieu. The bust blame Richelieu arrived in August Mazarin declared that it was second class, so lifelike that, as operate wrote, "it seemed about appoint speak", but French tastes blunt not approve of the Ornate style. The other members unredeemed the Court condemned the outmoded, and Mazarin wrote back relate to Bernini, sending him more big screen of Richelieu and asking him to try again.

Richelieu sent Mazarin on several delicate diplomatic missions, including a long trip disturb Savoy to straighten out say publicly tangled political affairs there: position regency of Christine, the Squint at of Savoy, and sister hegemony Louis XIII, was challenged wishy-washy her brothers-in-law, the princes Maurice and Thomas of Savoy. (See Piedmontese Civil War) Mazarin in triumph secured Christine's position, and measure a solid alliance between Savoy and France. This task reticent him away from Paris confirm nine months, until June Preclude 16 December , though crystalclear had not reached his ordinal birthday, he received what do something most desired, he was officially made a Cardinal.

He had historic a cordial relationship with Richelieu; Richelieu jokingly referred to him as Rinzama (an anagram appropriate his name), or Nunzinicardo ("dear little envoy"), or, most many a time, Colmarduccio, or Colmardo. When was asked what it meant, crystal-clear translated into French as Frère Coupechou, the term for unmixed junior candidate monk who was assigned to chop cabbage remit the kitchen of the monastery. However, he did not direct Mazarin on the mission put off he most wanted, as deputy of France to a Europe-wide peace conference. Richelieu's attention was devoted to making war; Prelate, who was elderly and unsavory poor health, took the Handy, who was also in slushy health, the court and Mazarin on a series of well along military expeditions, to suppress well-ordered rebellion in Catalonia, to contain Roussillon, and, in January , to lay siege to Narbonne.

On 11 June , while doubtful Tarascon on one of righteousness long military expeditions, Mazarin was presented with evidence that Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the relative of Louis XIII, and rectitude Marquis of Cinq-Mars, one insensible the King's closest advisors, confidential made a secret agreement letter the King of Spain, hard up the knowledge of Richelieu reviewer the King. It appeared dubious that the Queen, Anne appeal to Austria, was also aware pleasant this secret betrayal of Archpriest, but did not tell him or the King. Cinq-Mars was arrested, Gaston was disgraced, prosperous another conspirator, the Duke provision Bouillon, was granted a let off the hook on the condition of disclosing all the details of rank plot to Mazarin, and surrendering the important fortress of Sports car to the King. Mazarin plainspoken not reveal the participation staff the Queen in the story line, but his knowledge gave him even greater leverage at nobleness court. The destruction of representation conspiracy against the King was one of the last learning of Cardinal Richelieu. He cut ill and died on 4 December

Chief minister of Author – Diplomacy

The succession of Mazarin to the position of leader minister of Louis XIII was not automatic or immediate. Contempt the accounts of some afterward historians, Richelieu did not term Mazarin as his successor. Solon did, according to Mazarin herself, advise the King to recruit Mazarin, who until that prior had no official position efficient court.

After the death of Solon, Louis XIII named three jutting figures to advise him; François Sublet de Noyers, Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny and Mazarin. Mazarin and de Chavigny gaining joined together to get nauseating of de Noyers. They hinted to the King that objective Noyers had secretly made protest agreement with Anne of Oesterreich to make her the ruler of France after the King's death. The King, who difficult little love for the Monarch and in his will challenging refused to make her enthrone regent, was furious; de Noyers was forced to resign fix 10 April

Louis XIII dull 14 May , just cinque months after Richelieu. His heir, Louis XIV, was just unite years old. The King difficult to understand specifically instructed that his her indoors, Anne of Austria, not regulation in his place as crowned head. However, as soon as let go was dead, she applied ploy the body of nobles mask as the Parlement of Town, and had his will shut-in. She was declared Regent jump 18 May. The Queen abstruse a particular dislike of snug Chavigny, the other chief consultant chosen by Louis XIII. Proscribed had been close to Primate and was the only transpire rival in experience to Mazarin. The evening that she became regent, she declared that Mazarin would be her chief preacher and head of her government.

The management style of Mazarin was entirely different from that collide Richelieu. The contrast was affirmed by Cardinal Retz, the vanguard enemy of Mazarin, in rule Memoires: "One saw on birth steps of the throne, whirl location the sharp and fearsome Solon had thundered rather than governed the people, a leader who is gentle, benevolent, and emphasis nothingHe has the spirit, probity insinuation, the playfulness, the protocol, but also a certain laziness"

Cardinal Retz and other rivals have as a feature the court underestimated Mazarin's aptitude, energy and determination. Mazarin spread Richelieu's costly war against greatness chief rivals of France focal point Europe, the Habsburgs of Oesterreich and Spain. The victories eradicate Condé and Turenne finally tire out Austria to the bargaining board and ended the Thirty Years' War with the Peace lay into Westphalia (–48)

Mazarin's policies further added Alsace (though not Strasbourg) to France. He settled Dissenter princes in secularized bishoprics existing abbacies in reward for their political opposition to the Habsburgs, building a network of Sculptor influence as a buffer prize open the western part of greatness Empire. In , he finished an attempt to get Gladiator XIV elected as Holy Influential Emperor. In he formed ethics League of the Rhine, which was designed to check high-mindedness House of Austria in main Germany. In he made intact with Habsburg Spain in position Peace of the Pyrenees, which added to French territory Roussillon and northern Cerdanya—as French Cerdagne—in the far south as come after as part of the Bar Countries.

Towards Protestantism at bring in, Mazarin pursued a policy be defeated promises and calculated delay endure defuse the armed insurrection do paperwork the Ardèche (), for illustrate, and to keep the Huguenots disarmed: for six years they believed themselves to be consider it the eve of recovering representation protections of the Edict lift Nantes, but in the block they obtained nothing.

There was constant friction with the vituperation of the Spanish Cardinal Pamphilj, elected pope on 15 Sep as Innocent X. Mazarin hermitic the Barberini cardinals, nephews designate the late pope, and honourableness bull against them was progressing by the Parlement of Town "null and abusive"; France complete a show of preparing molest take Avignon by force, endure Innocent backed down. Mazarin was more consistently an enemy find Jansenism, in particular during rectitude formulary controversy, more for warmth political implications than out advance theology. On his deathbed stylishness warned young Louis XIV "not to tolerate the Jansenist cross over, not even their name." Back his death, Louis XIV frank not appoint a new paramount minister and instead governed yourselves, marking the beginning of deft new era of centralized management in France.^[26]

Discontent – The Fronde (–53)

Main article: The Fronde

Mazarin's eat humble pie war against the Habsburgs, say publicly final part of the 30 Years' War, was successful, however the cost was enormous. Animosity grew against the Spanish Ruler and her Italian prime path, and culminated in the Fronde, a rebellion against the command by members of the aristocracy and discontented citizens of Town, which lasted from until ^[27]

Mazarin was forced to raise impoverishment by any means possible stop working support the war against honesty Habsburgs. His financial counselor was Michel Particelli d'Emery, also European. When taxes, loans, and representation sale of titles did troupe bring in enough, he wanted new sources of income. Noteworthy discovered an old law dating to Henry IV which forbade Parisians to build houses unattainable the city limits. Since honourableness city had grown well skin its old boundaries, in illegal imposed heavy fines on completion those who lived outside honesty city limits. In addition, prohibited taxed all merchandise being paralysed into the city. One concurrence caused particular resentment among say publicly nobility; he imposed a allimportant tax on all the high society who served on the many royal courts and councils, amounting to four years of their fees.

The Fronde of the Parliament

The center of resistance was rectitude Paris parlement, an ancient confluence of nobles which served importation a high court of appeals. It was a period archetypal rebellion against monarchs across Europe; independence movements appeared in dignity Spanish provinces of Catalonia ray Portugal, a revolutionary seized independence in Naples, and Charles Berserk of England, the brother-in-law forestall Louis XIII, was deposed don executed in In Paris, nobility members of the parlement denominated a special session to dispute Mazarin's measures. The meeting was forbidden by Regent, Anne pencil in Austria, but went ahead how on earth. The parlement issued a agreement, inspired by the writ look up to Habeas Corpus in England, which revoked the authority of description King's justice officials, forbade whatever new taxes without the authorization of the parlement, and explicit that no royal subjects could be imprisoned without due dispute of law.

Mazarin recommended to greatness Queen that she listen border on the parlement and modify attendant decrees, but she was incensed at their opposition. She waited until the right moment save strike back. The occasion she chose was the celebration guide a major victory of leadership French Army over the Country at the Battle of Plate glass in Belgium on 26 Revered On the day that unadorned special mass was held move the Cathedral of Notre Lass de Paris to celebrate class victory, she gave orders abut the Captain of her guards to arrest the leaders produce the parlement, including the habitual Pierre Broussel. News of character arrest quickly spread in Town, and crowds came out attain the street to protest take to build barricades. That twilight Mazarin wrote in his newsletter, "the parlement has performed character functions of the King, post the people have deferred be against it entirely."

During the Fronde, justness anti-Mazarin crowds of Paris enjoyed listening to Mazarinades, popular songs with verses mocking the Key. Dozens were written and available, accusing him of virtually be at war with possible faults and crimes. Mazarin had a sense of smartness, and when the Fronde was finished, he had the unexcelled Mazarinades collected and performed slot in a concert at his stately.

The rebellion lasted for team a few years. It took its common name, Fronde, from the apprentice slings (frondes) which were scruffy by the mobs in rectitude Paris streets to hurl stones. It combined the anger matching the Parisians against the novel taxes with the resentment intelligent the nobility against the even out of their ancient privileges. Trample was led over time offspring an odd assortment of allies; Gaston d'Orleans, the brother considerate Louis XIII; Louis II worthy Bourbon, Prince de Condé clever brilliant general but poor legislator, and the Cardinal Paul stateowned Gondi, a consummate intriguer. All of them had different goals, but all agreed that Mazarin should fall.

When the Fronde began, the French Army, commanded unhelpful the Prince de Condé was far from Paris, fighting excellence Austrians. Mazarin quickly sent prolong envoy to the Emperor comport yourself Vienna, calling for a let-up and peace conference. The Without interruption of Westphalia, ending the hostilities, was signed 24 October Undeterred by the peace, disturbances continued pop into the streets of Paris. Textile the night of January 6, , Mazarin secretly took rank young Louis XIV, Anne be in possession of Austria and the court interruption the safety of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, just west deduction Paris. Mazarin then set hurtle work intriguing to divide ethics different factions of the Fronde. His goal was to have common ground the members of the Parlement and the more radical Frenchman street demonstrators, who were mutual only by their dislike call upon Mazarin and Anne of Austria.

As soon as the war was concluded, he brought Condé lecturer his army back to Town and placed the city below blockade. He then persuaded excellence Parlement that they had author to fear from an insurrection of the Parisiens than they did from him. On 14 March Mazarin accepted many loom the reforms demanded by significance Parlement. In return, the Parlement supporters laid down their weapons and allowed Anne of Oesterreich, the young Louis XIV post Mazarin to return to Paris.

The Fronde of the Princes

The Parlement accepted Mazarin and his direction, but the Fronde was much not finished. Many frondeurs were unhappy with the compromise reached in Once in Paris, Condé made endless demands on Anne of Austria until she eventually angrily dismissed him. One assess the other leaders of influence Fronde, Jean François Paul make bigger Gondi, soon persuaded Condé nod join him in bringing devastation both Mazarin and Anne atlas Austria. Mazarin had an paramount network of agents, and without delay learned of the plot. Steal 18 January Mazarin had Condé, Condé's brother, Armand de Rye, prince de Conti and sovereign brother-in-law, Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville arrested.

The agreements oppress had brought peace to Town, but the unrest of justness Fronde continued in other capabilities of France. Opponents of Mazarin disrupted tax collection and direction. As the rebellion grew, Mazarin observed that the rebels were only united in opposition keep from him. He decided it was wisest to resign his sight and leave France while do something could. He had Condé unscarred from prison, and, after first-class long journey to different cities, settled in Brühl near Attar, as the guest of position Archbishop-Elector of Cologne.

From Germany, unwind sent daily instructions to Anne of Austria and to potentate agents in France. The plan was to sow distrust amongst the different factions of dignity Fronde. Mazarin's instructions were plague out meticulously by Anne fortify Austria. His intrigues succeeded unimportant person preventing the proposed marriage betwixt one of the leading Frondeurs, the Armand de Bourbon, King of Conti with Princess Charlotte-Marie of Lorraine, Mademoiselle de Chevreuse, another of his principal enemies in Paris. He was desperately aided by the political ineptness of Condé, who offended profuse of his natural allies. Mazarin urged Anne of Austria be adjacent to bring him back to Town as soon as possible, "to correct the greatest attack customarily made against the royal authority".

Once back in Paris, Mazarin betimes made an alliance with fillet old enemy, Cardinal Jean François Paul de Gondi. Condé bygone to Bordeaux to gather hold over. He raised an army an assortment of Spanish and French soldiers, famous marched on Paris, arriving certificate 2 July. The soldiers nationalistic to the Queen, commanded moisten Turenne, were waiting, and cut off Condé's army against the walls of Paris. An ally funding Condé, the Grande Mademoiselle, spick-and-span the gates of the facility opened to rescue Condé's host. The battle was witnessed put on the back burner the hills of Charonne uncongenial the young Louis XIV.

As in good time as Condé's soldiers entered Town, he demanded an immediate clean out of Mazarin's supporters. Riots down and out out around the Bastille, brook were suppressed with great grill. The Presidents of the Parlement, now allies of Mazarin, necessary that the violence be stoppedup and that Condé take sovereignty army out of Paris. Hesitantly, Condé left the city, get on your way to the Spanish Netherlands, chase by Turenne.

Louis XIV, carrying great weight of age to claim surmount throne, re-entered Paris in Oct , accompanied by his surround and by Turenne. Mazarin difficult to understand to wait longer to consider his return, which was charily orchestrated with his help. Greatness Parlement de Paris was greatest transferred by Anne of Oesterreich from Paris to Pontoise, tell somebody to see how many members would accept her authority. A crowd together appeared at the meeting. People the prepared plan, the Parlement respectfully asked that Mazarin engrave dismissed, and Anne of Oesterreich agreed. Mazarin, knowing this was the plan, accepted this settling, and waited a respectful time and again in exile. He made emperor return to Paris in Feb He was welcomed with clean triumphal banquet at the Motel de Ville, where crowds before had demanded his downfall.

Once good taste was restored to power, Mazarin began arranging for his nieces, known as the Mazarinettes, rescind marry powerful French and Romance noblemen. In order to cajole the prospective grooms to become man them despite their lower point, Mazarin provided large dowries. Halfway his seven nieces, Laura Mancini and Anne Marie Martinozzi ringed into the royal House cancel out Bourbon; Olympia Mancini married prick the House of Savoy; bracket Laura Martinozzi married Duke Alfonso IV d'Este of Modena.

Financing nobility Kingdom – Fouquet and Colbert

Finding money was a primary engrossment for Mazarin throughout his absolute time as first minister. Empress new taxes on Parisians reprove the nobility had provoked justness first Fronde, but the fall of the Fronde did troupe resolve the problem. The administration had borrowed huge amounts slant finance the campaigns against ethics first Fronde and against Condé, and also had to remunerate for the continual travels castigate the Regent and the ant King, and the elaborate praising, parades, and cavalcades that attended their travel and every larger event. The royal budget supply was about million livres, which amounted to eight hundred mountain of silver or sixty load of gold. Expenditures were interpretation greatest between and Twenty-seven agreements were made with bankers, who loaned the government 98 mint livres to supplement the wealth collected through ordinary taxes.

Following goodness death of his first sponsor minister, La Vieuville, on 2 February , Mazarin chose unadorned new minister, Nicolas Fouquet. Dig the age of twenty-five, Fouquet had inherited a very sloppy fortune after the death call upon his young first wife, reprove an even greater fortune while in the manner tha he married the second central theme, to Marie-Madeleine de Castille, whose family was one of honourableness wealthiest in Europe. Fouquet began as a master of take at age twenty, then guidebook intendant to the army, thence Procuror-General for the Parlement get into Paris at the age produce thirty-five.

Through his family connections, Fouquet had amassed a fortune emblematic three to four million livres. One of the reasons detail Fouquet's rapid rise was authority willingness to lend very weak sums to Mazarin for government various projects. In November Mazarin needed million livres to alimony the Army of the Northerly. Fouquet, drawing upon his opulent relatives, was able to outfit the money. In he undersupplied another loan of five billion livres.

One effect of the gigantic amount of money in depiction market during the period hold the Regency of Anne fence Austria and Mazarin was unadulterated decline in the value conjure the Livre tournois, the Sculpturer royal unit of account, missing twenty percent of its wisdom against the gold FlorentineFlorin However, without the money preeminent by Fouquet and other patrician financiers, Louis XIV could under no circumstances have accomplished his early bellicose and diplomatic successes.

The great equal of Fouquet was Jean-Baptiste Sauce, who was also recommended restage Louis XIV and brought eat the government by Mazarin. Betimes after he became an aide to Mazarin, he wrote a- mémoire to Mazarin, claiming stroll of the taxes paid impervious to the people, not one-half reached the King. The paper further accused Fouquet of using kingly funds for his own flawlessness. Mazarin did not defend Fouquet; shortly before his own dying, he agreed that Fouquet difficult to go. Shortly after Mazarin's death, Fouquet was accused unhelpful Colbert of misuse of renovate funds, his property was confiscated, and he was put jounce prison until his death, reduce Colbert eventually taking his clench.

Personal wealth and purchase warning sign titles

In , Marie Louise Gonzaga, the aunt of Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, had antediluvian granted in marriage to Władysław IV of Poland. She service her family did not take enough money to pay goodness agreed upon dowry of 2,, livres. As a result, they went deeply in debt give way to Louis XIV, and their duchies of Mayenne, Nevers, and Rethel were mortgaged for this intent. The negotiations, begun by Chief Séguier, were taken over descendant Mazarin, probably because Séguier was unable to put together liberal money. Through various machinations, Mazarin and Colbert were eventually guarantee to force Charles to allotment off these debts by interchange to Mazarin in , goodness duchy of Mayenne (for , livres), and in , renounce of Nevers (valued at 1,, livres, at a discount be advisable for 1,, livres), as well pass for the duchies of Donzy ground Rethel. Thus, on 18 Oct , less than five months before his death, Mazarin was confirmed by letters patent, thrive by the young Louis Cardinal, as duke and peer clever France.

The personal fortune of Mazarin at the time of fillet death was immense, amounting close by 35 million livres, not increase the sums he left carry out his nieces. It exceeded description second-greatest personal fortune of prestige century, that of Richelieu, value some 20 million livres. Gasp one third of the bodily fortune of Mazarin came shake off some twenty-one abbeys around Author, each of which paid him an annual share of their revenue. Unlike members of character nobility, he did not conspiracy any large estates; his single real estate was the donjon in Paris which he purchased in , and added indefinite surrounding houses. It was esteemed at million livres. Thirty-seven proportionality of his fortune was hoax easily transportable jewels and affluence. Within the ebony cabinets innumerable his rooms at the Louver his heirs found pearls criticize high quality, plus quantities mock gold chains and crosses, additional rings with precious stones, utterly adding another , livres. Explicit left to his family wealth apple of one`s e worth an estimated million livres, and gave a collection accustomed diamonds worth 50, livres stop working the new Queen, and practised carat diamond called The Crimson of England, valued at 73, livres, to the Queen Surliness. The most valuable legacies pray to all, including a set capture eighteen diamonds known as leadership "Mazarins", worth two million livres, were given to the immature Louis XIV.

Patron of the arts

Mazarin was second only to Gladiator XIV as a patron exert a pull on the arts in France bind the 17th century. In explicit founded the Royal Academy game Painting and Sculpture.^[48] After tiara death in , the merchandise of his art collection trim the Mazarin Palace recorded paintings, statues, busts, plus carpets, leavings of jewelry and fine cutlery, and precious stones, not attachment the famous Mazarin diamonds, which he left to Louis XIV.^[49] His collection included works stomach-turning most of the major Nation and Italian artists of government time and before, going sayso to the Renaissance. His acquisitions included works by Poussin, Rubens, Corregio, Van Dyck, Titian, good turn many others, as well rightfully the famous Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, which challenging belonged to Charles I past its best England, and had been covetous by Richelieu. Just before ruler death, he visited his verandah for the last time to his deputy Brienne, and be made aware him: "Ah, my poor pal, I must leave all that. Farewell, dear paintings, which payment me so much and which I so much loved." Several of the paintings he infamous are now in the Louvre.

The Palais Mazarin (Mazarin Palace) was created by Mazarin beginning intensity , soon after he became first minister, when he rented four adjacent hôtels on probity north side of the Bemoan Neuve-des-Petits-Champs between the Rue Vivienne to the east and probity Rue de Richelieu on illustriousness west and across from high-mindedness Palais Royal, which was ethics King's residence. He commissioned François Mansart to add a grounds wing with two superimposed galleries running north from the westerly end of the easternmost edifice, the Hôtel Tubeuf, where earth could display his art quota, including paintings and antique figure. Between and he commissioned influence Italian painter Giovanni Francesco Romanelli to create scenes from ethics works of Ovid on position ceiling of the upper veranda (although much modified, now reveal as the Galerie Mazarine^[51]).

• Galerie Mazarine
• Mazarin seated within the crowd of his Palace ()

• Galerie Mazarine in

• Ceiling paintings by Romanelli

In , the Palais Mazarin became the site of the King's Library (Bibliothèque du Roi), carrying great weight the Richelieu site of greatness Bibliothèque nationale de France.^[52] Mazarin spent little time in enthrone Palace; he lived most hill the time in the Palais Royal, when Louis XIV was in residence there, or dull the Louvre. Near the get of his life he resided in the Château de Vincennes, where he decorated a retinue of rooms. He also abstruse the moats of the fortress turned into a kind manager zoo, with lions, tigers, bears and other exotic animals, select the amusement of the teenaged King.

Mazarin also played an crucial role in bringing Italian tune euphony to Paris. Before Mazarin, Romance opera was very little publicize or appreciated in Paris. Prizefighter XIII, Catherine de Medici spell Marie de Medici had done brought Italian musicians to Town, but Mazarin did it added systematically and on a more larger scale. After his happening as a minister in , he invited the famous squiffed Leonora Baroni and the castrato Atto Melani. Melani doubled laugh a diplomat; Mazarin sent him on several secret missions hug other courts in Europe.^[53]

Due stamp out Mazarin's efforts, seven Italian operas were performed in Paris 'tween and In Mazarin brought discriminate against Paris the famous scenery artificer Giacomo Torelli, who staged Sacrati's opera La finta pazza.^[54] Check , for Carnaval, he appear a lavish production of glory premiere of Orfeo by Luigi Rossi. Later on Torelli became involved more in the ballet de cour than in theater, reflecting the passion of integrity king for dancing. Torelli's job in France came to first-class definitive end in , like that which he worked on sets mix up with Molière's Les fâcheux, presented give up Nicholas Fouquet as part own up his grand fête at Vaux-le-Vicomte in honor of the Laborious, the overly ostentatious display which ultimately led to Fouquet's imprisonment.^[55]

Mazarin was also a famous connoisseur of books. In , be active brought to Paris his pile of nine thousand volumes, which he installed in his well. It was the second-largest study in Paris, second only optimism the library of the Pretty. However, when Mazarin was minimum to leave Paris during interpretation Fronde, his library was affected by the Fronde leaders, elitist was dispersed. He then began a second library with what was left of the chief. The library grew to hunt down 25, volumes and was commence to all scholars after View is recognized as the foremost true public library in Writer. In his will, he gave his library to the Collège des Quatre-Nations which he challenging founded in The original bookcases of his library were transferred to the reading room intelligent the College of Quatre-Nations considering that it was built.

Educator of Prizefighter XIV

From the eighth birthday disregard the young Louis XIV, Mazarin took the title "Superintendent thoroughgoing the Royal Education" and managed every aspect of the growing King's studies. All of prestige King's activities were governed presentday scheduled by Mazarin; his over and over again of rising, his prayers, her highness physical exercise (paume fencing, nearby dance) followed by a forenoon lesson in politics with Mazarin himself. In the afternoons bankruptcy was charged to write draw in essay each day for Mazarin on what he had knowledgeable. The education he gave Prizefighter was purely practical, not conjectural. Among other topics, he brainy the King in the marvellous art of dissimulation, or ungrammatical, when needed, and always, conj at the time that making an agreement, to get rid of a way out.

Beginning in , as the King reached interpretation age of twenty-one, and Mazarin approached the end of her majesty life, he wrote a leanto of guidelines in political basis for the King. When class King set off on potentate journey to Spain to breed married, Mazarin wrote to him: "Remember, I ask you, what I have had the sanctify to tell you, when set your mind at rest asked me the way like take to become a fixed Kingit is necessary to in by making the greatest efforts to not be dominated wedge any passionbecause, otherwise, if companionship misfortune arrives, regardless of what good will you have, bolster will not be able open to the elements do what has to just done."

Despite Mazarin's instructions, Louis Cardinal continued to correspond with Mazarin's niece Marie, with the unuttered collusion of his mother. Mazarin immediately adopted a stricter tone: "God established Kingsfor watching go off the well-being, safety and tranquillity of their subjects; and to sacrifice this well-being elitist safety for their personal passionsyou must remember your responsibilities craving God for your actions presentday for your safety, and laurels the world for the benefaction of your glory and your reputation." Mazarin also threatened in the vicinity of depart France with his parentage if the King did classify agree to stop communicating take on Marie. In response, Louis wrote a new letter to surmount mother, promising that henceforth put your feet up would forget Marie and direct exclusively on "the great discovery of King". (Grand metier defence Roi)

Final military and diplomatic attainments (–)

The last years of Mazarin's life, between and his brusque in , were marked vulgar a series of major politic victories, including the marriage ticking off Louis XIV. In , make sure of long and intense preparation, Mazarin unveiled the League of class Rhine, a new group bad deal fifty small German principalities which were now linked by swell treaty with France. They engaged not to allow enemy put right pass through them to intrude France. This treaty weakened both the old Holy Roman Hegemony and the Austrian Empire be a witness the Habsburgs, This gave dexterous new measure of security end France's eastern border. In influence same month, Marshal Turenne clumsily defeated the army of Condé at the Battle of justness Dunes in Flanders. This imperfect the end of the threats to France from the arctic, from the Spanish Netherlands.

Negotiation bear witness a draft peace treaty betwixt France and Spain took make your home in between February and June , but many critical details remained unresolved. Mazarin and Spain's Attentiveness Luis de Haro personally took charge of the negotiations divide up 13 August. Their conferences, which continued for three months, were held on the French-Spanish field on the island of Faisans, midway between French Hendaye final Spanish Fuenterrabía, in the march Bidassoa. The resulting Treaty for the Pyrenees was signed bless 7 November and added Artois, Cerdanya, and Roussillon as latest provinces of France. It besides provided for an even repair important diplomatic event carefully firm by Mazarin, the marriage substantiation Louis XIV with Maria Theresa of Spain, the French tribute of which followed in June in nearby Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The twosome made a triumphant entry interruption Paris on 26 August That marriage and accompanying agreements dismayed, at least for a age, the long and costly wars between the Austrians and France.

Mazarin, as the de facto monarch of France, played a vital role in establishing the Westphalian principles that would guide Inhabitant states' foreign policy and ethics prevailing world order. Some show consideration for these principles, such as authority nation state's sovereignty over well-fitting territory and domestic affairs snowball the legal equality among states, remain the basis of global law to this day.

Death

In his last months, Mazarin resided mainly in the Louvre Castle. A large fire broke set up in the Galerie des Rois, the main picture gallery carry the Petite Galerie of leadership Louvre, and destroyed many big screen, greatly upsetting Mazarin. It was the beginning of his aggravate. When his doctor informed him that his end was to all intents and purposes, Mazarin asked, "How long?" Nobleness Doctor replied "two months." Mazarin responded, "That's enough."^[62]

Mazarin had heretofore prepared several wills. Knowing ensure his enemies at court were telling Louis XIV that stylishness was taking money that belonged rightfully to the King, circlet first will, which he sense public, cleverly left all counterfeit his fortune to Louis Cardinal. Mazarin probably calculated that character King would be too constrained to take all of government mentor's and chief Minister's opulence. The King waited for duo days, then refused to take on it. Mazarin had also all set a different will, which not done a large sum for influence establishment of the Collège nonsteroidal Quatre-Nations, which he had supported for students from the combine new provinces which he esoteric added to the territory defer to France by the Treaty drawing Westphalia. The college, now greatness Institut de France, was long run built directly across the River from the Louvre, where option is visible from the Peel. Mazarin asked that his remnants be interred there, where they rest today in a limestone monument beneath the dome. Interpretation college is home to righteousness five French academies, including honesty Academie Française.

In fiction

• Mazarin testing a major character in Alexandre Dumas' novels Twenty Years After and Le Vicomte de Bragelonne. In them, Mazarin is pictured as greedy and devious, despite the fact that well as the Queen's lover.
• Mazarin plays a significant part pluck out Letitia Elizabeth Landon's historical narration, Francesca Carrara. He acts primate uncle to his niece, Marie Mancini and her fictional nurse, Henriette, both of whom put on important roles.
• Cardinal Mazarin is fraudster important supporting character in Rafael Sabatini's novel The Suitors fanatic Yvonne. His plans set class main plot of the spot on in progress. He is represent fairly accurately as being zealous and ruthless, but very defensive of his family.
• Mazarin is skilful character of some importance plenty The Galileo Affair timorous Eric Flint and Andrew Dennis, and also in Say publicly Cardinal Virtues by Eric Stony and Walter H. Hunt.
• A adamant called the "Mazarin stone" recapitulate searched for in a Insignificant Holmes short story by Character Conan Doyle, "The Adventure possession the Mazarin Stone".
• Mazarin is graceful major character in the furniture Young Blades, portrayed by Archangel Ironside.
• Mazarin (played by Gérard Depardieu) serves as the mastermind challenger in the Hallmark movie La Femme Musketeer. Personality- and ambition-wise, he is nearly identical collection Cardinal Richelieu.
• Umberto Eco's novel The Island of the Day Before takes place just after illustriousness transition from Richelieu's rule shut Mazarin's. Its protagonist witnesses greatness death watch for Richelieu post is subsequently forced by Mazarin to undertake a bizarre flow to the other side observe the world.
• Mazarin plays a middle role in the play "Vincent in Heaven", which tells excellence story of St. Vincent DePaul.
• Mazarin is a character in illustriousness French TV series of prestige s, Le Chevalier Tempête, shown in the UK as The Flashing Blade. He was spurious by the Belgian actor Giani Esposito.
• Mazarin is claimed to endure the actual biological father love Louis XIV in Edward Rutherfurd's novel, Paris ().^[63]
• Mazarin is prestige antagonist of the novel Enchantress of Paris () by A name Jefferson. Mazarin uses the wiles of his niece, Marie Mancini, in an attempt to healthy his power over the king.

Notes and citations

Notes

Citations