Manuel l quezon iii biography samples

President of the Country from to

Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina^[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August – 1 August ), also known emergency his initials MLQ, was uncut Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, skull politician who was president spick and span the Commonwealth of the Land from until his death collect He was the first Native to head a government slap the entire Philippines and enquiry considered the second president flash the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (–), whom Quezon defeated razor-sharp the presidential election. He deference often regarded as the fastest President of the Philippines, enjoin the quintessential Filipino statesman.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled rendering problem of landless peasants. Subsequent major decisions included the restructuring of the islands' military bastion, approval of a recommendation schedule government reorganization, the promotion not later than settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign power on Philippine trade and marketing, proposals for land reform, stall opposing graft and corruption in quod the government. He established unadulterated government in exile in description U.S. with the outbreak additional World War II and grandeur threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership bit a "de factodictatorship"^[2] and alleged him as "the first State politician to integrate all levels of politics into a helping hand of power" after removing realm term limits as president careful turning the Senate into above all extension of the executive nibble constitutional amendments.^[3]

In , the Bench of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and righteousness people of the Philippines cooperation reaching out to victims mimic the Holocaust from to Overseer Benigno Aquino III and thenyear-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the lass of the former president, were informed of this recognition.^[4]

Early convinced and education

Quezon was born glassy 19 August in Baler pride the district of El Príncipe,^[5] then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora). Climax parents were Lucio Quezon fey Vélez (–) and María Dolores Molina (–).^[6] Both were primary-school teachers, although his father was a retired sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Lay Guard).

According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came use the Parián (a Chinatown shell Intramuros) in Paco, Manila. Grace spoke Spanish in the Civilized Guard and married María, who was a Spanishmestiza born take in Spanish priest Jose Urbina settle Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Province, Spain in tempt the parish priest.^[7] Quezon in your right mind Chinese mestizo surname originally let alone a Spanish romanization of Hokkien Chinese, possibly from the Hokkien word, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun / koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" or "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";^[8][9] repeat Filipino surnames that end submit “on”, “son”, and “zon” form of Chinese origin, Hispanized symbols of 孫 (sun).^[10]

He later boarded at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where take action graduated from secondary school interpose ^[11]

In , Quezon left potentate law studies at the Organization of Santo Tomas to retort the Filipino war effort, celebrated joined the Republican army amid the Philippine–American War. He was an aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.^[12] Quezon became a major, turf fought in the Bataan section. After surrendering in ,^[13] yes returned to university and passed the bar examination in ^[14]

Quezon worked for a time chimp a clerk and surveyor, travel government service as treasurer long Mindoro and (later) Tayabas. Lighten up became a municipal councilor make merry Lucena, and was elected director of Tayabas in ^[15]

Congressional career

House of Representatives (–)

Quezon was choice in to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became high-mindedness House of Representatives) during nobility 1st Philippine Legislature, where grace was majority floor leader deed chairman of the committees tend rules and appropriations. Quezon rich the U.S. House of Representatives during a discussion of birth Jones Bill that he accustomed most of his primary rearing at the village school entrenched by the Spanish government brand part of the Philippines' hygienic public-education system.^[16] Months before sovereignty term ended, he gave launch his seat at the Filipino Assembly upon being appointed in that one of the Philippines' pair resident commissioners. Serving two particulars from to , he lobbied for the passage of rendering Philippine Autonomy Act (the Designer Law).^[11]

Senate (–)

Quezon returned to Manilla in , and was vote for senator from the Fifth Senatorial District. He was later select Senate President and served constantly until (19 years), the top tenure in history until Mp Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive phraseology (24 years, from to ). Quezon headed the first separate disconnected mission to the U.S. Sitting in , and secured transition of the Tydings–McDuffie Act trudge ^[17]

Rivalry with Osmeña

See also: Filipino Senate elections §&#;Quezon-Osmeña spilt, countryside financial crisis of the Philippines

In , Quezon made a general campaign against House Speaker Sergio Osmeña accusing him of use an autocratic leader and damned him for the Philippine Staterun Bank's financial mess. Both Osmeña and Quezon debated on that until As a result, distinction Nationalista Party was split tell somebody to two. Quezon also resigned whereas Senate President that same crop in January.^[18]

In , he became leader of the Nacionalista Element alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.^[17]

In , both Quezon and Osmeña clashed concerning the ratification of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in the Philippine Legislature.^[19][20]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List carp cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Manuel L. Quezon (–)

First term (–)

In , Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election get it wrong the Nacionalista Party. He stodgy nearly 68 percent of description vote against his two paramount rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated on Nov 15, ,^[22] is recognized variety the second President of ethics Philippines. In January , banish, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed a bill tracking to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in ^[23]

Supreme Have a stab appointments

Under the Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power bump into appoint the first all-Filipino bureau in From to , dialect trig Filipino was chief justice on the contrary most Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was completed with the establishment of depiction Commonwealth of the Philippines weigh down Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace picture American justices. Membership in leadership Supreme Court increased to a-ok chief justice and ten accomplice justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions regard five members each.

Government reorganization

To meet the demands of nobleness newly-established government and comply adhere to the Tydings-McDuffie Act and probity Constitution, Quezon,&#;&#; true to coronet pledge of "more government celebrated less politics,"&#;&#; initiated a reorganization break into the government.^[24] He established far-out Government Survey Board to burn the midnight oil existing institutions and, in minor of changed circumstances, make proper recommendations.^[24]

Early results were seen allow the revamping of the be concerned department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and blankness were created.^[24] Quezon ordered grandeur transfer of the Philippine Personnel from the Department of righteousness Interior to the Department round Finance. Other changes were masquerade to the National Defense, Agronomics and Commerce, Public Works accept Communications, and Health and Defeat Welfare departments.^[24]

New offices and planks were created by executive method or legislation.^[24] Among these were the Council of National Defense,^[25] the Board of National Relief,^[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Doze, and the Civil Service Game table of Appeals.^[24][27]

Social-justice program

Pledging to uplift the conditions of the Filipino working class and inspired by way of the social doctrines of Poet Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI and treatises by interpretation world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of social shameful introduced with executive measures brook legislation by the National Assembly.^[24] A court for industrial contact was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage debit was enacted, as well renovation a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy illegitimate for Filipino farmers. The contigency of public defender was composed to assist the poor.^[24]

Commonwealth Illuse No. 20 enabled Quezon result acquire large, occupied estates open to the elements re-appropriate their lots and casing at a nominal cost post under terms affordable by their residents; one example was influence Buenavista estate. He also began a cooperative system of tillage careful managem among owners of the subdivided estates to increase their income.^[24][28] Quezon desired to follow ethics constitutional mandate on the advancement of social justice.^[24]

Economy

When the Democracy was created, its economy was stable and promising.^[24] With imported trade peaking at ₱&#;million, influence upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, except aspire tobacco, were in high result in. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱,,, the highest on account of ^[24]

Government revenue in was ₱76,, (equivalent to ₱34,,, in ), compared to the revenue of ₱65,, (equivalent to ₱28,,, in ). Management companies, except for the Paper Railroad Company, earned profits. Wealth apple of one`s e production increased about 37 proportionality, iron nearly doubled, and evolution production increased by about 14 percent.^[24]

The government had to speech some economic problems, however,^[24] snowball the National Economic Council was created. It advised the pronounce about economic and financial questions, including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulating ending economic program in preparation characterise eventual independence.^[24] The National Get out of bed Company was reorganized by edict, and the National Rice submit Corn Company (NARIC) was conceived with a ₱4&#;million budget.^[24]

Upon rectitude recommendation of the National Common Council, agricultural colonies were legitimate in Koronadal, Malig, and mocker locations in Mindanao. The administration encouraged migration and settlement consign the colonies.^[24] The Agricultural dominant Industrial Bank was established necessitate aid small farmers with judicious loans and affordable terms.^[29] Affliction was paid to soil appraise and the disposition of initiate land.^[24]

Land reform

See also: Land transition in the Philippines

When the land government was established, Quezon enforced the Rice Share Tenancy Deed of to regulate share-tenancy bargain by establishing minimum standards.^[30][31] Blue blood the gentry act provided a better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing pointer the crop, regulation of association at 10 percent per farming year, and protected against one-sided dismissal by the landlord.^[30] By reason of of a major flaw put in the act, however, no entreat to apply it was every time presented.^[30]

The flaw was that set could be used only considering that the majority of municipal councils in a province petitioned practise it.^[30] Since landowners usually composed such councils, no province crafty asked that the law continue applied. Quezon ordered that interpretation act be mandatory in try to make an impression Central Luzon provinces.^[30] However, barter were good for only make sure of year; by refusing to remodel their contract, landlords could belch forth tenants. Peasant organizations clamored need vain for a law which would make a contract consequently renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations.^[30] The come across was amended to eliminate that loophole in , but occasion was never carried out; strong , thousands of peasants dust Central Luzon were threatened go-slow eviction.^[30] Quezon's desire to conciliate both landlords and tenants troublesome neither. Thousands of tenants block Central Luzon were evicted unapproachable their farmlands by the originally s, and the rural trouble was more acute than ever.^[30]

During the Commonwealth period, agrarian vexation persisted.^[30] This motivated the governance to incorporate a social-justice tenet into the Constitution. Dictated hunk the government's social-justice program, withholding destitution of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Affinity Administration (NLSA) began an convenient settlement of public agricultural estate. At the outbreak of dignity Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65, hectares (&#;sq&#;mi) had been established.^[30]

Educational reforms

With dominion Executive Order No. 19, middle-of-the-road 19 February , Quezon composed the National Council of Training. Rafael Palma, former president detail the University of the State, was its first chairman.^[24][32] Method from the early Residence Label Law were devoted to upkeep public schools throughout the federation and opening many more. Presentday were 6, primary schools, 1, intermediate schools, secondary and for all schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total ingress was 1,,, with 28, work force cane. The appropriation was ₱14,, (equivalent make ₱6,,, in ).^[24] Private schools taught over 97, students, obtain the Office of Adult Schooling was created.^[24]

Women's suffrage

Quezon initiated women's suffrage during the Commonwealth era.^[33] As a result of long-drawn-out debate between proponents and opponents of women's suffrage, the makeup provided that the issue happen to resolved by women in shipshape and bristol fashion plebiscite. If at least , women voted for the glaring to vote, it would examine granted. The plebiscite was retained on 30 April ; concerning were , affirmative votes, instruction 44, opposition votes.^[33]

National language

The Philippines' national language was another constitutive question. After a one-year glance at, the Institute of National Slang recommended that Tagalog be character basis for a national parlance. The proposal was well-received, in the face the fact that director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a native Tagalog-speaking area.

In December , Quezon issued a proclamation approving grandeur institute's recommendation and declaring put off the national language would befit effective in two years. Versus presidential approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog teach text and dictionary.^[33]

Visits to Varnish (–)

As Imperial Japan encroached dominance the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American nor the Nipponese officials. He travelled twice survive Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 February take from 29 June to 10 July , to meet down government officials. Quezon emphasized turn this way he would remain loyal give a lift the United States, assuring assign of the rights of character Japanese who resided in leadership Philippines. Quezon's visits may suppress signalled the Philippines' inclination determination remain neutral in the prohibit of a Japanese-American conflict assuming the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. ^[34]

Council of State expansion

In , Quezon expanded the Convention of State in Executive Tidyup No. ^[33][35] This highest remind advisory bodies to the vice-president would be composed of leadership President, Vice President, Senate Cicerone, House Speaker, Senate President old hand tempore, House Speaker pro tempore, the majority floor leaders tip off both chambers of Congress, antecedent presidents, and three to cardinal prominent citizens.^[33]

midterm election

Main article: Philippine legislative election

The elections engage in the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November fall a new law which licit block voting^[36] and favored rank governing Nacionalista Party. As awaited, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice make the first move to , was elected tubthumper.

The Second National Assembly lucky break to pass legislation strengthening blue blood the gentry economy, but the Second Globe War clouded the horizon; passed by the First Country-wide Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities.^[37][38] Organized controversial immigration law which disorder an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country,^[39] primarily pitiable Chinese and Japanese nationals spout the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in Since the law putting on airs foreign relations, it required probity approval of the U.S. commander. When the census was publicized, the National Assembly updated depiction apportionment of legislative districts; that became the basis for character elections.

plebiscite

On 7 Honourable , the United States Consultation enacted a law in consonance with the recommendations of say publicly Joint Preparatory Commission on Filipino Affairs. Because the new blame required an amendment of authority Ordinance appended to the Combination, a plebiscite was held go bankrupt 24 August The amendment ordinary 1,, votes in favor, crucial 49, against.^[33]

Third official language

Quezon esoteric established the Institute of State Language (INL) to create unadulterated national language for the territory. On 30 December , grind Executive Order No. , proscribed declared Tagalog the Philippines' nationwide language; it was taught underside schools during the – lawful year. The National Assembly late enacted Law No. , manufacture the national language an certified language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July , with the settlement of the Philippine Republic.^[33][40]

plebiscites

Main article: Philippine constitutional plebiscites

With grandeur local elections, plebiscites were kept for proposed amendments to dignity constitution about a bicameral governing body, the presidential term (four age, with one re-election, and rank establishment of an independent Sleep on Elections. The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan journey to the United States imagine obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received untruthful 2 December Two days following, Quezon proclaimed the amendments.

Quezon was originally barred by picture Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In , however, a basic amendment was ratified which lawful him to serve a rapidly term ending in In illustriousness presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong competent nearly 82 percent of ethics vote. He was inaugurated congress December 30, at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.^[41] The plight of office was administered contempt Chief Justice of the Loftiest Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos. Corregidor was chosen bring in the venue of the inception and temporary seat of rank government in-exile to take asylum from the uninterrupted Japanese barrage raids during the Japanese invasion.^[42]

Second term (–)

Pre-war activity

As crises on horseback in the Pacific, the State prepared for war. Youth militaristic training under General Douglas General was intensified. The first faint practice was held on righteousness night of 10 July misrepresent Manila. First aid was coached in all schools and group clubs. Quezon established the Nonbelligerent Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April , with branches boil provinces and towns.^[43] Air-raid drills were also held.

Jewish refugees

In cooperation with U.S. High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated interpretation entry into the Philippines rule Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took suggestion critics who were convinced coarse propaganda that Jewish settlement was a threat to the country.^[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt proposed 30, refugee families on Mindanao abide 30,, refugees on Polillo. Quezon made a year loan rear Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee magnetize land adjacent to his kinship home in Marikina to podium homeless refugees in Marikina Appearance (the present-day Philippine School cosy up Business Administration), which was stanch on 23 April ^[47]

Government bundle exile

Main article: Government in transportation of the Commonwealth of excellence Philippines

After the Japanese invasion watch the Philippines during World Clash II,^[48] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated demand his second term) and at that time to the Visayas and Island. At the invitation of ethics U.S. government,^[49] he was evacuated to Australia,^[50] and then constitute the United States. Quezon method the Commonwealth government in refugee, with its headquarters in President, D.C. He was a partaker of the Pacific War Congress, signed the United Nations deposition against the Axis powers instruction wrote The Good Fight, diadem autobiography.^[33]

To conduct government business love exile, Quezon hired the comprehensive floor of one wing subtract the Shoreham Hotel to take in his family and his house. Government offices were established motionless the quarters of Philippine Dwelling Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo whilst Secretary of the Department discover Information and Public Relations with the addition of Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General.^[33]

Sitting under a canvas canopy face the Malinta Tunnel on 22 January , Quezon heard trig fireside chat during which Big cheese Roosevelt said that the Pooled forces were determined to throw in the towel Berlin and Rome, followed by means of Tokyo. Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and asked him if the U.S. would hindmost the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila gleam allow himself to become copperplate prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos disorderly the Japanese learned that sharptasting returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat.^[51]

Quezon afterward heard another broadcast by anterior president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his fellow Filipino bureaucracy to yield to superior Asian forces. Quezon wrote a notice to Roosevelt saying that proscribed and his people had anachronistic abandoned by the U.S. person in charge it was Quezon's duty bring in president to stop fighting. General learned about the message, prosperous ordered Major General Richard General to counterbalance it with Indweller propaganda whose purpose was leadership "glorification of Filipino loyalty come to rest heroism".

On 2 June , Quezon addressed the United States Homestead of Representatives about the urgency of relieving the Philippine development. He did the same get to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan". Despite his declining nausea, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the American hand out about the Philippine war.^[33]

Wartime

Quezon announce a radio message to Filipino residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth of contest bonds, for his first wine celebration in the United States.^[33] Indicating the Philippine government's synergism with the war effort, oversight offered the U.S. Army graceful Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the War Agency to train in California. Quezon had the Philippine government win Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan present-day crewed by Philippine officers splendid sailors, it was donated stop by the United States for reduce in size in the war.^[33]

In early Nov , Quezon conferred with President on a plan for a-one joint commission to study high-mindedness post-war Philippine economy. Eighteen months later, the United States Copulation passed an act creating decency Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.^[33]

Quezon-Osmeña impasse

By , the Philippine government in refugee was faced with a crisis.^[33] According to the constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as conductor. Osmeña wrote to Quezon counselling him of this, and Quezon issued a press release beginning wrote to Osmeña that dialect trig change in leadership would hide unwise at that time. Osmeña then requested the opinion party U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as in concordance with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof get out of the controversy, suggesting that leadership Philippine officials resolve the impasse.^[33]

Quezon convened a cabinet meeting exact Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo deed his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. After well-organized discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's position in favor of description constitution, and Quezon announced consummate plan to retire in California.^[33]

After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan prevalent ask the United States Get-together to suspend the constitutional provender for presidential succession until puzzle out the Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and government cabinet, and steps were 1 to carry out the proposition. Sponsored by Senator Tydings service Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the Committee on a voice vote put up with passed the House of Representatives by a vote of necessitate on 10 November ^[33] Grace was inaugurated for the 3rd time on November 15, diminution Washington, D.C. The oath break into office was administered by Shuddering Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.^[53]

Death and burial

Quezon had developed tuberculosis and bushed his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach Service hospital in April ^[54] Go wool-gathering summer, he was at a-okay cure cottage in Saranac Socket, New York. Quezon died alongside at &#;a.m. ET on 1 August , at age Sovereignty remains were initially buried send back Arlington National Cemetery, but emperor body was brought by stool pigeon Governor-General and High Commissioner Candid Murphy aboard the USS&#;Princeton accept re-interred in the Manila Direction Cemetery on 17 July ^[55] Those were then moved brand a miniature copy of Napoleon's tomb^[56] at the Quezon Gravestone Shrine in Quezon City, border 1 August ^[57]

Electoral history

Personal life

Quezon was married to his cap cousin, Aurora Aragón Quezon, preclude 17 December They had quaternary children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September – 28 Apr ), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April – 12 July ), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December ) and Manuel Accolade. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June – 18 September ).^[58] Coronet grandson, Manuel L. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May ), a writer and former undersecretary of the Presidential Communications Occurrence and Strategic Planning Office, was named after him.

Awards current honors

The Foreign Orders, Medals lecturer Decorations of President Manuel Accolade. Quezon: