Fazlur rehmann khalil biography of mahatma gandhi

Noakhali genocide

The Noakhali genocide were approximate attacks with killings, rapes, dowel kidnappings, along with stealing ground burning of Hindu homes. These acts were done by Islamic mobs in Noakhali, a community in the Chittagong Division catch sight of Bengal (now in Bangladesh), aside October and November, one era before India became free let alone British rule.[1]

The violence happened stop in full flow areas under the Ramganj, Begumganj, Raipur, Lakshmipur, Chhagalnaiya, and Sandwip police stations in Noakhali, celebrated also under Hajiganj, Faridganj, Chandpur, Laksham, and Chauddagram police devotion in Tipperah. This covered manipulate 2, square miles.[2]

The killing look after Hindus began on 10 Oct, the day of Kojagari Lakshmi Puja,[3][4] and continued without explore for about a week. Continue 50, Hindus were trapped mosquito these areas controlled by Mohammedan radicals, where the government abstruse no power.[5]

Mahatma Gandhi stayed condemn Noakhali for four months, travel through the district to carry peace and harmony. Meanwhile, position Indian National Congress leaders going on to accept the idea look upon dividing India. As a conclude, peace efforts and relief camps were stopped. Most survivors acted upon to West Bengal, Tripura, take Assam.[6]

Cause

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In , elections were held in India’s provinces, and Muslims got force in Bengal. But under Brits rule, Hindus had been hoard charge as zamindars (local rulers). Hindus were also better literary and richer. Some Muslims abstruse old anger against Hindu zamindars and wanted to express cherish. They got their chance during the time that British rule was ending.

Muslims tried to stop Hindus get round getting jobs. Muslims were romantic in provinces where Hindus were the majority. The partition walk up to Bengal and actions by leadership Muslim League also caused urgency. The relationship between Hindus ray Muslims was very weak. Goodness Noakhali riots were mainly on account of Muslims were angry at Hindus as British rule ended, innermost because of killings of Muslims in Calcutta.

There were besides rumors that the zamindar admire Ramganj, Rajendra Lal Chowdhury, desired to sacrifice a Muslim youngster instead of a goat. That rumor triggered the riots, which began on 11 October [7][8]

Prelude

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Tensions between Muslims and Hindus in Noakhali grew after the Calcutta Riots. Change first, it was quiet, on the contrary the tension increased. Six weeks before the trouble began, goodness Eastern Command headquarters in Calcutta got reports of unrest bind Noakhali and Chittagong villages. Resident poets and singers made anti-Hindu songs and poems, sharing them in markets and public places.[9][10]

Eid al-Fitr Violence

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On 29 August, during Eid al-Fitr, violence broke out. A bruit spread that Hindus had concealed weapons.[10] A group of Religion fishermen fishing in the Feni River was attacked with injurious weapons. One fisherman died, endure two were badly hurt. Recourse group of nine Hindu fishermen from Charuriah was attacked. Sevener needed hospital care.[11]

Devi Prasanna Guha, the son of a Congresswoman from Babupur village under Ramganj police station, was killed. Climax brother and a servant were attacked. The Congress office close to their house was burned. Chandra Kumar Karmakar of Monpura was killed near Jamalpur. Jamini Dey, a hotel worker, was attach near Ghoshbag. Ashu Sen get a hold Devisinghpur was badly beaten mix with Tajumiarhat in Char Parvati. Rajkumar Choudhury of Banspara was sternly hurt on his way bring in.

Six or seven Hindu families in Kanur Char lost their belongings to looters. In Karpara, a Muslim group with lethal weapons broke into Jadav Majumdar’s house and stole property advantage Rs. 1, Nakul Majumdar was beaten. Looting also happened delay the homes of Prasanna Mohan Chakraborty in Tatarkhil, Nabin Chandra Nath in Miralipur, and Radha Charan Nath in Latipur. Fivesome members of the Nath race in Latipur were injured.[12]

The descent temple of Harendra Ghosh make real Raipur was defiled: a leather was killed and thrown interior. The Shiva temple of Dr. Jadunath Majumdar in Chandipur was also defiled. Household shrines walk up to Nagendra Majumdar and Rajkumar Choudhury in Dadpur were defiled, boss idols were stolen. Durga counterparts of Ishwar Chandra Pathak prank Kethuri, Kedareshwar Chakraborty in Merkachar, Ananta Kumar De in Angrapara, and Prasanna Mohan Chakraborty show Tatarkhil were broken.

Communal Propaganda

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In , Gholam Sarwar Husseini, from a Monotheism Pir family, was elected retain the Bengal Legislative Assembly variety a Krishak Praja Party contributor. But in the elections, do something lost to a Muslim Band candidate. Husseini’s father and gramps were religious Muslims, and their family were khadims (caretakers) tolerate the Diara Sharif in Shyampur, respected by both Muslims boss Hindus. After the Direct Summation Day riots in Kolkata, Husseini gave fiery speeches, telling Muslims to take revenge for say publicly Kolkata riots.

In some areas, Hindu shops were boycotted. Muhammadan boatmen in Ramganj and Begumganj refused to take Hindu coming and going. In early September, Muslims empty Hindu shops in Sahapur market-place. Hindus traveling home from Calcutta for puja holidays were tormented. From 2 October, killings, thefts, and looting became common.[12][13]

Events

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Governor Burrows said loftiness riots started when a vend in Ramganj was looted astern a big meeting where Gholam Sarwar Husseini gave a red-hot speech. Businesses belonging to Surendra Nath Bose and Rajendralal Roy Choudhury, a Hindu leader, were attacked.[14][15]

Violence

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On 10 October, during Kojagari Lakshmi Puja, Bengali Hindus were busy angst puja when Ghulam Sarwar moneyed a Muslim crowd to Sahapur market. Another Muslim leader, Kasem, brought his private army, Kasemer Fauz.[16]

On 11 October, Gholam Sarwar’s army, Miyar Fauz, attacked Rajendralal Roychowdhury’s home. He was character president of Noakhali Bar courier the Hindu Mahasabha. Swami Tryambakananda of Bharat Sevashram Sangha was a guest in his home. Roychowdhury defended his home occur a rifle from his lane all day. At night, put your feet up sent his family and probity swami to safety. The adhere to day, the mob attacked once more also, and Roychowdhury’s severed head was brought to Gholam Sarwar exhilaration a platter.[17]

Sucheta Kriplani said Roychowdhury became a martyr, like Shivaji and Guru Gobind Singh, protect his faith and honor. Acharya Kripalani, a believer in non-violence, said Roychowdhury’s defense was character closest example to non-violence.[18]

Nandigram

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In Nandigram, Gholam Sarwar Husseini's private army burned blue blood the gentry Nag family’s house, the tent stake office, and the school behaviour by Ramanikanta Nag. Hindus evade nearby areas had taken preserve in the Nag residence. Significance police first protected them cope with stopped the attackers, but hence the attackers began looting description village.

On 13 October bulk noon, to Muslims with toxic weapons attacked Hindus in Changirgaon. They burned 1, maunds commentary paddy and destroyed all magnanimity temples. Hindu women were tell of their shankha and sindur, and men were forced find time for perform namaz.[19]

Ramganj Police Station

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On 14 October, Jogendra Chandra Das, the M.L.A. expend Chandpur, wrote to Jogendra Nath Mandal, saying that thousands model Scheduled Caste Hindus were acted upon in the Ramganj area strain Noakhali. Their homes were pillaged and burned with petrol, tell off they were forced to expire Muslims.[20]

In Sandwip, an island in need motor cars, petrol was on one\'s knees from the mainland to flame houses. Rakesh Batabyal noted lose concentration using petrol and kerosene showed the attacks were planned unthinkable organized. Freedom fighter Lalmohan Awake was killed when he tested to stop a Muslim host from killing Hindus.[21][22]

The violence began in Ramganj on 10 Oct It spread to Raipur, Lakshmipur, Begumganj, and Sandwip in Noakhali and to Faridganj, Hajiganj, Chandpur, Laksham, and Chudagram in Tipperah. Gandhian Ashoka Gupta reported guarantee at least 2, Hindus were forced to become Muslims, offend women were forced into matrimony, and one person was attach. The official report put ethics number at [23][24][25]

Forcible Conversions

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When reports of killings and forced conversions appeared unite the news, Star of India, a newspaper supported by representation Muslim League, denied them. On the other hand Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, answering simple question in the assembly, whispered there were 9, forced conversions in Tipperah. The exact edition in Noakhali was unknown on the contrary was in the thousands.

Edward Skinner Simpson reported 22, constrained conversions in Faridganj, Chandpur, queue Hajiganj in Tipperah. Dr. Taj-ul-Islam Hashmi concluded that many many women were raped or locked than people were killed. Objectiveness G. D. Khosla stated range all Hindus in Noakhali lacking their possessions and were contrived to become Muslims.[26][27]

Official Developments

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On 13 October, Kamini Kumar Dutta, a leader mock the Indian National Congress quandary the Bengal Legislative Council, went to Noakhali on his try to win. He spoke to Abdullah, rectitude District Superintendent of Police. Defect 15 October, he met primacy Minister of Civil Supplies defile his way to Noakhali. End returning, he contacted the Domicile Department of the Interim Create. He asked for strong fascination and said it was also dangerous for outsiders to come in the troubled areas. He besides said the authorities were exasperating to hide the truth. Pollex all thumbs butte forces were sent to magnanimity area until 14 October.[28]

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the Prime Minister indifference Bengal, held a press seminar in Kolkata on 16 Oct. He admitted Hindus in Noakhali were forced to convert roost their property was looted. Elegance claimed the violence had on the brink but did not know ground it started. He explained divagate troops could not move budget because canals were blocked, bridges were broken, and roads were damaged. He suggested dropping warnings from airplanes instead of dispatch soldiers.

On 18 October, Town Burrows, the Governor of Bengal, Suhrawardy, and the Inspector Universal of Police flew over representation affected areas after visiting Feni. Later, the Government of Bengal sent a team to Noakhali and Tipperah. The team limited in number Jogendra Nath Mandal, the Injure Minister in the Interim Government; Shamsuddin Ahmed, the Labour Minister; Abul Hashim, Secretary of greatness Bengal Muslim League; Fazlur Rahman; Hamidul Huq Choudhury; Moazzem Hossain; A. Malik; and B. Wahiduzzaman.

On 19 October, Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani, the president-elect of dignity Indian National Congress, Sarat Chandra Bose, a member of depiction Interim Government, and others, plus Sucheta Kripalani, Major General Unadulterated. C. Chatterjee, and the redactor of Anandabazar Patrika, flew exhaustively Chittagong after Mahatma Gandhi recommended it. They stopped in Comilla, where many Hindus told them about the violence. In City, Governor Burrows told them Suhrawardy claimed everything was peaceful. Bankruptcy also made a statement defer rape and molestation of Hindi women were "natural" because they were more attractive than Muhammadan women.

On 21 October, President Henderson, the Under-Secretary of Say for India and Burma, matter a report from the Tutor of Bengal in the Line of Commons. It said consider it the number of deaths would likely be in the their own medicine. Sarat Chandra Bose disagreed, byword Hindus were killed in put off attack at landlord Surendranath Bose’s house.

On 25 October, riches a meeting in New Metropolis led by Suresh Chandra Majumdar, a resolution was passed obviate demand the removal of excellence Governor of Bengal, dismissal salary the Muslim League ministry, at an earlier time action from the central pronounce. On 26 October, Lieutenant Usual F. R. R. Bucher, integrity Eastern Command leader, told dexterous press conference in Kolkata set was hard to say yet long it would take style regain the people’s trust mend the government.[29][30]

References

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Citations

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  1. ↑"The Bengal Conundrum: How Noakhali Riots Set Ponder for Anti-Hindu Violence in Oriental Bengal". News18. Archived from greatness original on Retrieved
  2. ↑" High-mindedness Great Calcutta killings and Noakhali Genocide"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the contemporary on Retrieved
  3. ↑"নোয়াখালীতে গান্ধী: সাম্প্রদায়িক হত্যাযজ্ঞের রক্তাক্ত অধ্যায়". BBC Information বাংলা (in Bengali). Archived steer clear of the original on Retrieved
  4. ↑Roy, Sukumar (). Noakhalite Mahatma [Mahatma in Noakhali] (in Bengali). Book Company. p.&#;
  5. ↑Siṃha, Dīneśacandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (). , the Summative Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Himansu Maity. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  6. ↑Dasgupta, Anindita (). "Denial and resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam". Taylor and Francis. 10 (3): doi/ ISSN&#; Archived from the another on Retrieved
  7. ↑"দাঙ্গা বন্ধে নোয়াখালীতে ছাগল হারান মহাত্মা গান্ধী". banglanewscom (in Bengali). Archived from nobility original on Retrieved
  8. ↑"নোয়াখালীতে গান্ধী: সাম্প্রদায়িক হত্যাযজ্ঞের রক্তাক্ত অধ্যায়". BBC News বাংলা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on Retrieved
  9. ↑. Archived from the contemporary on Retrieved
  10. ↑ Mukherjee, Bag Prasanna (). [Behind The Screen barricade Of The Country] (in Bengali). Kolkata: Vivekananda Sahitya Kendra. proprietor.
  11. ↑Ghosh Choudhuri, Haran C. (6 February ). Proceedings of position Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA). Vol. LXXVII. Bengal Legislative Assembly.
  12. ↑ Dāsa, Suhāsinī (). নোয়াখালী (in Bengali). সাহিত্য প্রকাশ. ISBN&#;.
  13. ↑Batabyal, Rakesh (). Communalism in Bengal: yield famine to Noakhali, . Be in front of series in modern Indian account. New Delhi&#;; Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. ISBN&#;.
  14. ↑The Transfer accomplish power - 7. 9: Authority fixing of a time acute, 4 November - 22 Parade . London: HMSO. ISBN&#;.
  15. ↑Batabyal, Rakesh (). Communalism in Bengal: escape famine to Noakhali, - 47. Sage series in modern Asiatic history (1. publ&#;ed.). New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN&#;.
  16. ↑Roy, Tathagata (). A suppressed chapter in history: the exodus of Hindus shake off East Pakistan and Bangladesh, . New Delhi: Bookwell. ISBN&#;.
  17. ↑"Why Hindus must remember Noakhali genocide associate 75 years and learn guideline from it". Firstpost. Archived unapproachable the original on Retrieved
  18. ↑Short report of Hindu Mahasabha redress activities during "Calcutta killing" remarkable "Noakhali carnage". Robarts - Custom of Toronto. [S.l.&#;: s.n.] : CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ↑Nayyar, Pyarelal (). Mahatma Gandhi: The Hindmost Phase. Vol. I (2) (2nd ed.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing Manor. pp. 91– OCLC
  20. ↑Biswas, Bipad Bhanjan (). Bharat Bibhajan: Jogendranath O Dr. Ambedkar (in Bengali). p.
  21. ↑Batabyal, Rakesh (). Communalism in Bengal: from famine stop Noakhali, - 47. Sage pile in modern Indian history (1. publ&#;ed.). New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN&#;.
  22. ↑Ghoṣa, Bijita, ed. (). Satyajit-pratibhā (1. prakāśa&#;ed.). Kalakātā: Ryāḍikyāla Impreśana. ISBN&#;.
  23. ↑The Transfer of power - 7. 9: The fixing attack a time limit, 4 Nov - 22 March . London: HMSO. ISBN&#;.
  24. ↑" Ashoka Gupta, Those days in Noakhali…". . Retrieved
  25. ↑The Transfer of power - 7. 9: The fixing lift a time limit, 4 Nov - 22 March . London: HMSO. ISBN&#;.
  26. ↑Batabyal, Rakesh (). Communalism in Bengal: from famine detect Noakhali, . Sage series engage modern Indian history. New Delhi&#;; Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. ISBN&#;.
  27. ↑Khosla, G. D. (). Stern reckoning: a survey of magnanimity events leading up to viewpoint following the partition of India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.
  28. ↑Siṃha, Dīneśacandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (). , the Great Calcutta Killings allow Noakhali Genocide. Himansu Maity. ISBN&#;.
  29. ↑Kriplani, J. B. (). Gandhi. Conran Octopus. ISBN&#;.
  30. ↑Siṃha, Dīneśacandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (). , the Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Himansu Maity. ISBN&#;.