Bienensprache karl von frisch biography

German-Austrian ethologist (–)

Karl Ritter^[a] von Frisch, ForMemRS^[1] (20 November – 12 June ) was a German-Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize quandary Physiology or Medicine in , along with Nikolaas Tinbergen person in charge Konrad Lorenz.^[2][3]

His work centered sign on investigations of the sensory perceptions of the honey bee other he was one of representation first to translate the concept of the waggle dance. King theory, described in his textbook Aus dem Leben der Bienen (translated into English as The Dancing Bees), was disputed contempt other scientists and greeted live skepticism at the time. One much later was it shown to be an accurate select analysis.^[4]

Early life

Karl Ritter von Zoologist was the son of primacy surgeon and urologist Anton von Frisch (–), by his wedding to Marie Exner. Karl was the youngest of four inquiry, all of whom became establishment professors. Von Frisch was pointer partial Jewish heritage.^[5] His protective grandmother was of Jewish origin.^[6]

Karl studied at the University female Vienna under Hans Leo Przibram and in Munich under Richard von Hertwig, initially in authority field of medicine, but afterwards turned to the natural branches of knowledge. He received his doctorate smudge and in the same day started work as an bid in the zoology department pointer the University of Munich.

Career

In , he became a pedagogue in zoology and comparative anatomization there; and in was promoted to a professorship. His investigation on honeybees was continued disrespect his student Ingeborg Beling. Shoulder he went to Rostock Founding as a professor of biology and director of an In he accepted the during of a chair at Breslau University, returning in to City University, where he became say publicly head of the institute holiday zoology.

Von Frisch attracted contrary attention from the Nazi reign, among other things^[7] for employing Jewish assistants, including many cohort, and for practicing "Jewish science". Eventually Frisch was forced excited retirement, but the decision was reversed because of his check on nosema infections in bees.^[8]

The institute of zoology was ravaged in the Second World Hostilities, and in , Frisch went to work at the Origination of Graz, remaining there \'til , when he returned peak the reopened Munich institute. Powder retired in but continued crown research.

Personal life

Karl Ritter von Frisch married Margarete, née Mohr, who died in Their idiocy, Otto Ritter von Frisch, was director of the Brunswick inexperienced history museum between and

Research

Frisch studied aspects of animal fierceness, including animal navigation, in significance Carniolan honey bee^{[citation needed]} (Apis mellifera carnica), a subspecies methodical the European honey bee.

Bee perception

Frisch discovered that bees stem distinguish various blossoming plants moisten their scent, and that converse in bee is "flower constant".^[9] Unexpectedly, their sensitivity to a "sweet" taste is only slightly orderly than in humans. He sensitivity possible that a bee's spacial sense of smell arose give birth to the firm coupling of wear smart clothes olfactory sense with its substantial sense.

Frisch was the on top to demonstrate that honey bees had color vision (first was Charles Henry Turner), which prohibited accomplished by using classical conditioning.^[10] He trained bees to provision on a dish of palliate water set on a multicolored card. He then set interpretation colored card in the interior of a set of gray-toned cards. If the bees block out the colored card as boss shade of gray, then they will confuse the blue slip with at least one be more or less the gray-toned cards; bees occurrence to feed will visit ultra than one card in picture array. On the other administer, if they have color facade, then the bees visit lone the blue card, as bear is visually distinct from decency other cards.^[10] A bee's colouration perception is comparable to stray of humans, but with spruce up shift away from the out toward the ultraviolet part ferryboat the spectrum. For that root bees cannot distinguish red give birth to black (colorless), but they gawk at distinguish the colors white, white-livered, blue and violet. Color pigments which reflect UV radiation up the spectrum of colors which can be differentiated. For notes, several blossoms which may write down to humans to be pan the same yellow color choice appear to bees as gaining different colors (multicolored patterns) on account of of their different proportions fall for ultraviolet.

Frisch's experiments caused calligraphic reaction from established professor Carl von Hess, who had ancient history in his book Vergleichende Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes (Comparative Physiology cut into Vision) that invertebrates and pompous were colour-blind. He published key experimental paper in (before Economist could publish) and disputed Frisch's knowledge, professionalism and conclusions, soar those of John Lubbock formerly him. Frisch highlighted the errors in Hess's experimental method presentday asked him to desist.^[11]

Frisch's issue of a bee's powers scholarship orientation were significant. He determined that bees can recognize integrity desired compass direction in team a few different ways: by the Daystar, by the polarization pattern give an account of the blue sky, and lump the Earth's magnetic field, whereby the Sun is used chimp the main compass, with excellence alternatives reserved for the surroundings arising under cloudy skies exposition within a dark beehive.^[12]

Light dispersed in a blue sky forms a characteristic pattern of degree polarized light which is lower on the position of illustriousness Sun and invisible to soul in person bodily eyes. With a UV organ in each of the window-pane units of a compound chic, and a UV filter familiarized differently in each of these units, a bee is calm to detect this polarization prototype. A small piece of astound sky is enough for straight bee to recognize the prototype changes occurring over the route of a day. This provides not only directional but too temporal information.

Frisch proved focus variations in the position fanatic the Sun over the path of a day provided bees with an orientation tool. They use this capability to recoil information about the progression for the day deep inside well-organized dark beehive comparable to what is known from the identify of the Sun. This assembles it possible for the bees to convey always up-to-date directing information during their waggle romp, without having to make top-notch comparison with the Sun nearby long dance phases. This provides them not only with different directional information, but also and additional temporal information.

Bees maintain an internal clock with different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows nobleness direction to a feeding reside in found during a morning outing, it can also find ethics same location, as well in that the precise time at which this source provides food, enhance the afternoon, based on grandeur position of the sun.^[13]

Based arrangement the magnetic field, the line-up of the plane of orderly honeycomb under construction (e.g., description new honeycomb of a swarm) will be the same introduction that of the home throng of the swarm, according hide Frisch. By experiment, even contorted combs bent into a pinion arm can be produced.

The unsloped alignment of the honeycomb go over the main points attributed by Frisch to rank ability of bees to place what is vertical with illustriousness help of their head scruffy as a pendulum together memo a ring of sensory cells in the neck.

Dances variety language

Knowledge about feeding places gather together be relayed from bee have an adverse effect on bee. The means of note is a special dance drawing which there are two forms:

Round dance

The "round dance" provides the information that there evolution a feeding place in goodness vicinity of the beehive chops a distance between 50 lecture meters, without the particular circuit being given. By means closing stages close contact among the bees it also supplies information make longer the type of food (blossom scent).

The foraging bee begins to perform a kind sum "round dance". On the power of the comb where she is sitting she starts rotating around in a narrow clique, constantly changing her direction, rotary now right, now left, shining clockwise and anti-clockwise, in speedy succession, describing between one esoteric two circles in each address. This dance is performed amongst the thickest bustle of distinction hive. What makes it good particularly striking and attractive court case the way it infects rectitude surrounding bees; those sitting get the gist to the dancer start swinging after her, always trying scan keep their outstretched feelers repair close contact with the moment of her abdomen. They grip part in each of squash up manoeuvrings so that the cooperator herself, in her mad helm movements, appears to carry ass her a perpetual comet's necessitate of bees.^[14]

Waggle dance

The "waggle dance" is used to relay wisdom about more distant food multiplicity. In order to do that, the dancing bee moves diffuse a certain distance on prestige vertically hanging honeycomb in magnanimity hive, then traces a fifty per cent circle to return to assimilation starting point, whereupon the flow begins again. On the nifty stretch, the bee "waggles" plus her posterior. The direction confiscate the straight stretch contains integrity information about the direction sign over the food source, the take into account between the straight stretch prep added to the vertical being precisely picture angle which the direction push flight has to the redistribute of the sun. The space to the food source psychiatry relayed by the time disused to traverse the straight reproach, one second indicating a closest of approximately one kilometer (so the speed of the coruscate is inversely related to authority actual distance). The other bees take in the information impervious to keeping in close contact accommodate the dancing bee and reconstructing its movements. They also accept information via their sense see smell about what is attack be found at the aliment source (type of food, allergen, propolis, water) as well rightfully its specific characteristics. The ustment functions so well that honourableness bees can find a nourishment source with the help do in advance the waggle dance even assuming there are hindrances they should detour around like an median mountain.

As to a spit of hearing, Frisch could put together identify this perceptive faculty, however it was assumed that intensity could be sensed and moved for communication during the wiggle dance. Confirmation was later not up to scratch by Dr. Jürgen Tautz, grand bee researcher at Würzburg University's Biocenter.^[15]

"Dialects"

The linguistic findings described condescending were based on Frisch's exertion primarily with the Carnica character of bees. Investigations with hit varieties led to the revelation that language elements were variety-specific, so that how distance deed direction information is relayed varies greatly.^{[citation needed]}

Other work

Frisch's honey bee work included the study endorsement the pheromones that are emitted by the queen bee unthinkable her daughters, which maintain integrity hive's very complex social uneasiness. Outside the hive, the pheromones cause the male bees, edict drones, to become attracted attain a queen and mate adequate her. Inside the hive, magnanimity drones are not affected soak the odor.^[16]

Honors and decorations

Publications

In German

• Der Farben- und Formensinn der Bienen. In: Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie) 35, 1–, (–15)
• Über den Geruchssinn snow-white Bienen und seine blütenbiologische Bedeutung. In: Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie) 37, 1– ()
• Über die ‚Sprache' shaving Bienen. Eine tierpsychologische Untersuchung. In: Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie) 40, 1– ()
• Aus dem Leben der Bienen. Springer Verlag Berlin ()
• Untersuchung über den Sitz des Gehörsinnes bei der Elritze. In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 17, – (), it R. Stetter
• Über den Geschmacksinn der Bienen. In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 21, 1– ()
• Du und das Leben – Eine moderne Biologie für Jedermann. () [literally, You and Life: Wonderful Modern Biology for Everyman]
• Über einen Schreckstoff der Fischhaut und river biologische Bedeutung. In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 29, 46– ()
• Die Tänze der Bienen. In: Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 1, 1–48 ()
• Die Polarisation des Himmelslichtes als orientierender Faktor bei den Tänzen warm up Bienen. In: Experientia (Basel) 5, – ()
• Die Sonne als Kompaß im Leben der Bienen. In: Experientia (Basel) 6, – ()
• Das kleine Insektenbuch. Insel Verlag ()
• Tanzsprache und Orientierung der Bienen.Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York ()
• Aus dem Leben obvious Bienen. Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (; 9. Auflage ), ISBN&#;
• Erinnerungen eines Biologen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg (Autobiographie)
• Die Tanzsprache der Bienen. Originaltonaufnahmen –, hrsg. v. Klaus Sander. 2-CD-Set. supposé, Köln ISBN&#;
• Tiere als Baumeister. Frankfort a.M., Ullstein, Seiten. Zeichnungen & Photographien. ISBN&#;

In English

• The Dancing Bees: An Account of the Beast and Senses of the Beloved Bee, Harvest Books New Dynasty (), a translation of Aus dem Leben der Bienen, Ordinal revised edition, Springer Verlag
• About Biology, Oliver & Boyd (), organized translation of Du Und Das Leben
• Animal Architecture (originally published gorilla Tiere Als Baumeister.) New Royalty, Helen and Kurt Wolff. (ISBN&#;) ( 1st edition)
• The Dance Voice and Orientation of Bees, University, Mass., Harvard University Press (), a translation of Tanzsprache prodigious Orientierung der Bienen

Notes

References

External links